Introduction

Acoustics
The science of sound, including its
production, propagation and effects
The objective study of the physical behavior
of sound in an enclosed space
Sound
A wave motion consisting of a series of
condensations(compressions) and
rarefactions in an elastic medium produced
by a vibrating body
Introduction
Acoustics is the science of sound, which
endeavors to describe and interpret the
phenomena associated with motional
disturbances from equilibrium elastic media.
Acoustics was originally limited to human
experience produced by the stimulation of the
human ear by sound incident from the
surrounding air.
Modern acoustics deals with all sorts of sounds
which have no relation to the human ear, like
seismological disturbances and ultrasonic.
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves

The particles of the medium vibrate up and down about their

mean position, in the direction perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation
Longitudinal Waves

The direction of vibration of the particles is parallel to the

direction of propagation
Longitudinal Waves

Sound waves in air are longitudinal

waves

The result of longitudinal vibrations is the creation

of compressions and rarefactions within the air.
Requirements to Produce
Sound
 Requirements to Produce
Sound
Three (3) basic elements for transmission
and reception of sound must be present
before a sound can be produced. They
are (1) the source (or transmitter),
(2) a medium for carrying the sound (air,
water, metal, etc.), and
(3) the detector (or receiver)
 AUDIBLE FREQUENCY RANGE

Infrasonic/Subsonic
frequencies below the audible range

Ultrasonic/Supersonic
frequencies above the audible range

Audible Range: 20 Hz 20kHz

AUDIBLE FREQUENCY
RANGE
Physical Properties of Sound
Physical Properties of Sound

1. Amplitude magnitude of the

vibration (pressure, current, voltage)

2. Period time it takes to complete a

vibration/cycle

3. Frequency number of vibrations /

cycle per unit time
Physical Properties of Sound

4. Wavelength physical length of a

vibration

5. Velocity of Propagation
Vsound << VRF
(344 m/sec << 3 x 108 m/sec)
Velocity of Sound
 Velocity of Sound
The speed of sound is not always the same.
Remember that sound is a vibration of kinetic
energy passed from molecule to molecule.
The closer the molecules are to each other
and the tighter their bonds, the less time it
takes for them to pass the sound to each
other and the faster sound can travel.
It is easier for sound waves to go through
solids than through liquids because the
molecules are closer together and more
tightly bonded in solids.
 Velocity of Sound
Similarly, it is harder for sound to pass
through gases than through liquids, because
gaseous molecules are farther apart.
The velocity of a sound wave is affected by
two properties of matter: the elastic properties
and density.
Elastic properties relate to the tendency of a
material to maintain its shape and not deform
when a force is applied to it.
 Velocity of Sound
Density describes the mass of a substance
per volume.
A substance that is more dense per volume
has more mass per volume.
It takes more energy to make large molecules
vibrate than it does to make smaller
molecules vibrate.
If a material is more dense because its
molecules are larger, it will transmit sound
slower if they have the same elastic
properties.
 Velocity of Sound
Notes
Sounds travel more slowly in gases
than in liquids, and more slowly in
liquids than in solids.
Sounds travels slower with an increased
altitude (elevation if you are on solid
earth), primarily as a result of humidity
changes.
 Sonic Terms
Subsonic - having a speed less than that
of sound in a designated medium.
Supersonic having a speed greater than
the speed of sound in a given medium,
especially air.
Hypersonic - capable of speed equal to or
exceeding five times the speed of sound.
Sonic Boom - An explosive sound caused
by the shock wave preceding an aircraft
traveling at or above the speed of sound.
 Velocity of Sound
Solids

v E m/s
d
Where:
E = Youngs Modulus of elasticity, N/m2
d = density of the medium, kg/m3
 Example 1
Calculate the speed of sound in steel and
in beech wood given the information
below.
Material Youngs Modulus Density
(N m-2) (kg m-3)
Steel 2.1 x 1011 7800
Beech Wood 14 x 109 680
 Velocity of Sound
Liquids

Where:
e = Bulks Modulus of elasticity, dynes/cm2
d = density of the medium, g/cm3
 Velocity of Sound
Gases

Where:
k = specific heat ratio = hsp/hsv
hsp = specific heat at constant pressure
hsv = specific heat at constant volume
p = gas pressure, dynes/cm2
d = density, g/cm3
 Velocity of Sounds
Dry Air/Air (for TC 20 0C)

V 331.45 0.6TC , m /s

TC = temperature in degree Celsius

 Velocity of Sounds

Dry Air/Air (for TC > 20 0C)

TK
V 331.45 m /s
273
where:
TK = temperature in Kelvin
 Example 2
Calculate the speed of sound in air at 0C
and 20C.
 Example 3
(a) Calculate wavelength of sound, being
propagated in air at 20C, at 20 Hz and
20 kHz.
(b) Calculate the frequency of sound with a
wavelength of 34 cm at 20 C.
 Sound Levels
Sound Pressure (P) and
Sound Pressure Level (SPL)

Sound Pressure
The alternating component of the
pressure at a particular point in a sound
field
Expressed in N/m2 or Pa
 Sound Levels
Sound Pressure Level
Equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10
of the ratio of the RMS sound pressure to the
reference sound pressure

SPL = 20 log (P/Po)

Where:
P = rms sound pressure
Po = reference sound pressure
Po = 2 x 10-5 N/m2 or Pa or 2 x 10-4 dynes/cm2
Po = 0.0002 bar or 2.089 lb/ft2
Sound Pressure Levels
 Sound Pressure Levels
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at any
unit of pressure in dB

SPL = 20log(P+N)

Where:
PN = rms sound pressure expressed in
any of pressure in dB
N = SPL constant corresponding to the
unit at which sound pressure is
expressed
 SPL Constants
SPL Constant
Unit of Sound Pressure Designation
(N)

Microbar bar 74
Pascal N/m2 94
lb/ft2 psf 127.6
mmHg mmHg 136.5
torr torr 136.5
lb/in2 psi 170.8
 Example 4
Calculate the SPL for sound waves with rms
pressure amplitudes of 1 Pa, 2 Pa and 2
uPa.
 Sound Levels
Sound Intensity (I) and
Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
Sound Intensity
Defined as the acoustic power per unit
area
The basic units are W/m2 or W/cm2
The average rate of transmission of sound
energy through a cross-sectional area of 1
m2 at right angles to a particular
direction.
Sound Levels
 Sound Levels
For sound produced at ground level
 Sound Levels
Sound Intensity

I = 2 / d v

Where: d density of the medium (kg/m3)

v velocity of sound in medium (m/sec)
rms pressure in Pa (N/m2)
 Sound Levels
Sound Intensity in Air

I = 2 / 410

Where: dv 410 ray/sec

rms pressure in Pa (N/m2)
 Sound Levels
Sound Intensity Level

Where:
I = sound intensity,
Io = threshold intensity,
Io = 10-12 W/m2 or 10-16 W/cm2
 Example 5
A loudspeaker with an effective diameter of 25
cm radiates 20 mW. What is the sound
intensity level at the loudspeaker?
 Sound Levels
Sound Power (W) and
Sound Power Level (PWL)

Sound Power (W)

The total energy radiated per unit time.
J/s or watt
 Sound Levels
Sound Power Level (PWL)

Where:
W = sound power , W
Wo = reference sound power
Wo = 10-12 W
 Sound Power Levels
Situation
Sound power Sound power
and
watts level dB, ref 10-12 W
sound source
Rocket engine 1,000,000 W 180 dB
Turbojet engine 10,000 W 160 dB
Siren 1,000 W 150 dB

Heavy truck engine or

100 W 140 dB
loudspeaker rock concert

Machine gun 10 W 130 dB

Jackhammer 1W 120 dB
Excavator; trumpet 0.3 W 115 dB
Chain saw 0.1 W 110 dB
Loud speech 0.001 W 90 dB
Usual talking,
105 W 70 dB
Typewriter
Refrigerator 107 W 50 dB

(Auditory threshold at 2.8 m) 10-10 W 20 dB

(Auditory threshold at 28 cm) 10-12 W 0 dB

 Example 6
Calculate the sound power level PWL for a
source which radiates a total of 1 watt.
Adding sounds together
There are two different situations which
must be considered when adding
sounds levels together.
Correlated sound sources
Uncorrelated sound sources
Correlated Sound Sources
The sound comes from several sources which
are related
The extra sources must be derived from a single
source.
The different sources maybe related by a simple
reflection of a nearby surface.
The sound maybe derived from a common
electrical source such as a recording or a
microphone, and then maybe reproduced using
several loudspeakers.
Uncorrelated Sound Sources
The sound comes from several sources which
are unrelated
It may come from two different instruments.
Even when the same instruments play in unison,
these differences will occur.
It may come from the same source but
considerable delay due to reflections. Due to
the delay, the primary source of the sound will
have changed in pitch, amplitude and
waveshape.
The level when correlated sounds
add
When the sources are correlated the
pressure waves from the correlated
sources simply add:

Ptotal correlated (t) P1 (t) P2 (t) ... PN (t)

The level when uncorrelated
sounds add
If sound waves are uncorrelated then
they do not add algebraically.
The power in a waveform is proportional
to the square of the pressure levels

Ptotal uncorrelated (t ) P1 P2 ... PN

2 2 2
 Example 7
Calculate the increase in signal level when
two vocalists sing together at the same
level and when a choir of N vocalists,
sing together also at the same level.
 Example 8
Calculate the increase in signal level when
two vocalists sing together, one at 69 dB
and the other at 71 dB SPL.
 Example 9
Calculate the increase in sound pressure
level when two vocalists sing together at
the same level and when a choir of N
vocalists sing together, also at the same
level.
 The inverse square law
In reality sound propagates in three
dimensions; it spreads out as it travels
away from the radiating source.
As the sound spreads out it gets weaker
due to the energy being spread more
thinly.
The inverse square law
The area of a sphere is given by the
equation
Asphere 4 r 2

The sound intensity is defined as power

per unit area.

Wsource Wsource
I
Asphere 4 r 2
 Example 10
A loudspeaker radiates 100 mW, what is
the sound intensity level (SIL) at a
distance of 1 m, 2 m and 4 m from the
loudspeaker? How does this compare
with the sound power level (PWL) at the
loudspeaker?
Physiological Characteristics
of Wave Motion
Pitch
Physiological Characteristics
of Wave Motion
Pitch
Number of cycles a wave goes through
in a definite interval
Mel unit of pitch
1000 mels pitch of 1000Hz tone at 40dB
Octave pitch interval 2:1; frequency is
twice the given tone
Physiological Characteristics
of Wave Motion
Tone
Timbre - the quality of a musical note or
sound that distinguishes different types of
sound production.
Also, the tone quality or tone color.

Pure Tone a sound composed of only one

frequency in which the sound pressure varies
sinusoidally with time.

Musical Sound composed of the

fundamental frequency and its harmonics
Physiological Characteristics
of Wave Motion
Loudness
Fluctuation of air pressure created by sound
waves
Observers auditory impression of the strength
of a sound and is associated with the rate at
which energy is transmitted to the ear.
Depends on the amplitude of the sound

Loudness Level measured by the sound level of

a standard pure tone or specified frequency
which is assessed by normal observers as being
equally loud
Amplitude versus frequency
Loudness is a function of the sound
wave's amplitude.
The greater the amplitude, the greater
the volume
Pitch is related to its frequency.
The higher the frequency, the higher the
pitch.
Loudness Amplitude

Softest sound

Loudest sound

Pitch Frequency

Lowest pitch

Highest pitch
 PHON
Phon is the unit of loudness level
The phon scale is determined by having
listeners adjust the intensity of a tone
at a different frequency until it has the
same loudness as a tone of 1000 Hz.
Sounds judged to have equal loudness
in this way are assigned the same
phon value (e.g. all tones judged as
having the same loudness as a 20 dB
1000 Hz tone have a loudness of 20
phons.
Equal Loudness Contour

also called Fletcher-Munson curves

 SONE
Sone is the unit of loudness of an individual
listener.

For the purpose of measuring sounds of

different loudness, the sone scale of
subjective loudness was invented. The sone
scale is determined by having listeners
adjust the loudness of a tone until it is twice
as loud, or half as loud as another tone.
1 sone = loudness of a 40 dB 1000 Hz tone
2 sones = sound judged to be twice as loud
 SONE
An increase of 10 phons is sufficient to
produce the impression that a sone is twice as
loud.
One sone is 40 phons at any frequency. Two
sones are twice as loud (40 + 10 phons = 50
phons). Four sones are twice as loud again (50
+ 10 phons = 60 phons) .

Phon = 40 + 10 log2 (sone)

sone 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024

phon 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
 Example 11
The loudness level of 1000 Hz pure tone is
60 phons. How many such tones must
be sounded together in order to produce
a loudness level twice that produced by
one tone?
 Example 12
A pure tone of intensity level 60 dB and
frequency 1000 Hz is mixed with
another pure tone of intensity level 50
dB and frequency 1000 Hz. Find the
loudness level of this combination.
 Room Acoustics
Room Acoustics
Concerned with the behavior of sound
within an enclosed space with a view to
obtaining the optimum acoustic effect
on the occupants
Room Acoustics
 Room Acoustics
An acoustically well-designed room has
good intelligibility of sounds of
sufficient intensity (optimum
reverberation time), freedom from
extraneous and unwanted
noises(soundproofing and reduction),
and good sound distribution.
Sound that reaches a listeners via two
paths differing greatly in length
produces an unpleasant fluttering
called echoing.
 Room Acoustics
Room flutter occurs between a pair of
parallel opposite walls that are smooth and
highly-reflective. The sound is reflected
back and forth between the pair to produce
multiple echoes.
Sound focusing is concentration of sound
at a point in an enclosure due to reflection
of sound from curved or circular surfaces.
Dead spot is a region of deficiency of
sound, i.e. practically nothing can be heard
from there, and is due to destructive
interference of two or more sound waves.
 Room Acoustics
Because of diffraction of sound, i.e.
sound waves bending around an
obstacle, the obstacle may prove to be an
effective barrier if its size is comparable
with the wavelength of sound.
An acoustic shadow is formed on the
other side of the obstacle.
Possibilities when a
Propagated Sound is
Obstructed
 Surface shapes
From a sound reinforcement
perspective, it is better to scatter
sound than to focus it.
A concave boundary should be
avoided for this reason
Concave surfaces focus sound
Convex surfaces scatter sound
Corners return sound to its source
 Room Acoustics
Requirements
Adequate amount of sound must reach
all parts of the room.
Even distribution of sound
Noise must be reduced to an acceptable
level.
Optimum Reverberation time, RT60
 Reverberation
Reverberation
Tendency for the sound to persist over a
definite period of time after it has been
produced originally and stopped at the
source.
 Reverberation
Reverberation
 Reverberation
If the reverberation time is too short, the
sound may not be sufficiently loud in all
portions of the enclosure.
If it is too long, echoes will be present.
Though the best intelligibility would be
obtained with the shortest possible
reverberation time, shorter reverberation time
decreases sound intensity in the enclosure
which in turn decreases intelligibility.
Reverberation time is therefore an important
measure of good room acoustics.
 Reverberation
Reverberation Time, RT60
Time taken for the density of sound
energy in the room to drop to 1
millionth (60dB) below of its initial value
Factors Affecting Reverberation
Time

Volume of the room

Type of materials
Surface area of
material
Frequency
Optimum Periods of
Reverberation
 TYPES OF ROOM
LIVE ROOM
- Little absorption (RT60 > 1 sec)
DEAD ROOM
- Large absorption (RT60 < 1 sec)
ANECHOIC ROOM
- 100% absorption (free field
conditions)
 Anechoic Chamber
An anechoic chamber is a
room designed to stop
reflections of either sound or
electromagnetic waves.
They are also insulated from
exterior sources of noise.
The combination of both
aspects means they simulate
a quiet open-space of infinite
dimension, which is useful
when exterior influences
would otherwise give false
results.
Anechoic Chamber
Anechoic chambers were originally used in
the context of acoustics (sound waves) to
minimize the reflections of a room.
Their radio frequency counterpart have
also been in use for a few decades, for
example to test antennas, radars, or
electromagnetic interference.
 Sound absorption
Sound absorption is a process in which
sound energy is converted partly into heat
(by frictional and viscous resistance of the
pores and fibers of acoustical materials) and
partly into mechanical vibration of the
materials.
Unwanted sounds can be absorbed by
draperies, carpets, suspended space
absorbers, and interchangeable absorptive
panels in rooms and buildings.
Thin panels with air trapped behind them
are employed to absorb sounds at low
frequencies.
 Sound absorption
Hemholtz
resonators and
resonator-panel
absorbers are most
efficient for sound
absorption at their
resonant
frequencies.
Mufflers impede
the transmission of
sound but permit
the free flow of air.
 Sound absorption
Coefficient of absorption,
Ratio of incident sound and absorbed
sound
Efficiency of sound absorption
 Sound absorption
Average coefficient of absorption,

S

S11 S11 S11 ...
S S1 S2 S3 ...

S1,2,3, . . . are the surfaces 1, 2, 3, . . .

1,2,3, . . . are the coefficients of similarly
numbered areas
 Room Acoustics
Coefficient of Absorption
 Reverberation Time
Equations
a. Sabines Equation
For actual reverberation time with average
absorption less than 0.2; (absorption coefficient,
< 0.2)

where;
V = room volume, m3
A = total absorption units, S, metric sabins
A = S11 + S2 2 + S3 3 + . . .
 Reverberation Time
Equations
a. Sabines Equation

where;
V = room volume, ft3
A = total absorption units, metric sabins
 Example 13

Calculate the reverberation time of a

broadcast studio 8 ft. high by 13 ft wide
by 20 ft. long. The material used has a
total absorption of 180.75 metric sabins.
 Example 14
A small reverberation chamber 8 x 9 x 10 ft
is employed to measure the effective sound
absorption coefficient of certain acoustical
tile. The observed reverberation time is 5
sec or 1.0 sec when 40 ft2 of acoustical tile
is used to cover part of one wall chamber.
Find the effective sound absorption
coefficient of the tile.
 Reverberation Time
Equations
b. Norris Eyring Equation
For actual reverberation time with average
absorption greater than 0.2; ( 0.2 )
Where;
V = room volume, m3
= average coefficient of
reflecting surfaces
S = surface area, m2
 Reverberation Time
Equations
b. Norris Eyring Equation

Where;
0.049V V = room volume, ft3
RT60 = average coefficient of
S ln(1 ) reflecting surfaces
S = surface area, ft2
 Example 15
A lecture room, 16 m. long, 12.5 m. wide
and 5 m. high has a reverberation time
of 0.75 sec. Calculate the average
absorption coefficient of the surfaces
using the Eyring formula.
 Example 16
The volume of a room is 324 m3. The wall has
area 122 m2 and average sound absorption
coefficient 0.03. The ceiling has area 98 m2
and average sound absorption coefficient
0.8. The floor has area 98 m2 and average
sound absorption coefficient 0.06. Compute
the reverberation time for this room.
 Reverberation Time
Equations
c. Stephens and Bate Equation
For ideal reverberation time computation

Where:
r = 4 for speech
r = 5 for orchestra
r = 6 for choir
Optimum Volume / person

Concert Halls 7.1

Italian type opera houses 4.2 5.1
Churches 7.1 9.9
Cinemas 3.1
Rooms for Speeches 2.8
 Example 17

Suggest the optimum volume and

reverberation time for a concert hall
to be used mainly for orchestral
music and to hold 450 people.
 REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. Which best describe the sound wave?

a. It may be longitudinal
b. It is always transverse
c. It is always longitudinal
d. All of the above

2. Which of the following cannot travel through a

vacuum?
a. Electromagnetic wave
b. Radio wave
c. Sound wave
d. Light wave
3. Through which medium does sound travel fastest?
a. Air
b. Water
c. Steel
d. Mercury

4. Speed that is faster than that of sound.

a. Supersonic
b. Infrasonic
c. Subsonic
d. Transonic
5. The lowest frequency that a human ear can hear is
a. 5 Hz
b. 20 Hz
c. 30 Hz
d. 20 kHz

6. Sound that vibrates at frequency too high for the

human ear to hear (over 20 kHz)
a. Infrasonic
b. Ultrasonic
c. Transonic
d. Hypersonic
7. The frequency interval between two sounds whose
frequency ratio is 2.
a. Octave
b. Half octave
c. Third-octave
d. Decade

8. A 16 KHz sound is how many octaves higher than

a 500 Hz sound
a. 2
b. 5
c. 4
d. 8
9. Sound waves composed of but one frequency is
a/an
a. Infra sound
b. Pure tone
c. Structure borne
d. Residual sound

10. Sound wave has two main characteristics which

are
a. Highness and loudness
b. Tone and loudness
c. Pitch and loudness
d. Rarefactions and compressions
11. When waves bend away from straight lines of
travel, it is called
a. Reflection
b. Diffraction
c. Rarefaction
d. Refraction

12. The amplitude of sound waves, the maximum

displacement of each air particle, is the property
which perceive as _____ of a sound
a. Pitch
b. Intensity
c. Loudness
d. Harmonics
13. It is the weakest sound that average human
hearing can detect.
a. SPL = 0 dB
b. Threshold of hearing
c. Reference pressure = 2 x 10-5N/m2
d. a, b, or c

14. What is a device that is used to measure the

hearing sensitivity of a person?
a. Audiometer
b. OTDR
c. SLM
d. Spectrum analyzer
15. _____ is the sound power measured over the
area upon which is received.
a. Sound pressure
b. Sound energy
c. Sound intensity
d. Sound pressure level

16. A measure of the intensity of sound in

comparison to another sound intensity
a. Phon
b. Decibel
c. Pascal
d. Watts
17. The transmission of sound from one room to an
adjacent room, via common walls, floors or
ceilings.
a. Flanking transmission
b. Reflection
c. Refraction
d. Reverberation

18. _____ is the continuing presence of an audible

sound after the sound source has stopped.
a. Flutter echo
b. Sound concentration
c. Sound shadow
d. Reverberation
19. Required time for any sound to decay to 60 dB
a. Echo time
b. Reverberation time
c. Delay time
d. Transient time

20. A room containing relatively little sound

absorption
a. Dead room
b. Anechoic room
c. Live room
d. Free-field
21. A room in which the walls offer essentially 100%
absorption, therefore simulating free field
conditions.
a. Dead room
b. Anechoic room
c. Live room
d. Closed room

22. _____ is early reflection of sound.

a. Echo
b. Pure sound
c. Reverberation
d. Intelligible sound
23. What is the unit of loudness of an individual
listener?
a. Sone
b. Phon
c. Decibel
d. Mel

24. A sound intensity that could cause painful

sensation to the human ear.
a. threshold of sense
b. threshold of pain
c. hearing threshold
d. sensation intensity
25. A unit of noisiness related to the perceived noise
level
a. Noy
b. dB
c. Sone
d. Phon

26. What is the sound pressure level of a sound

having an RMS pressure of 200 N/m2?
a. 150 dB
b. 140 dB
c. 170 dB
d. 160 dB
27. In acoustics, the volume velocity component is a
function of the _____ of the material.
a. density
b. volume
c. diameter
d. Youngs modulus

28. When the average absorption is greater than 0.2,

____________ formula is used to compute the actual
reverberation time.
a. Sabine
b. Stephen and Bate
c. Norris-Eyring
d. Notch
29. For computation of ideal reverberation time,
which formula is applicable
a. Sabine
b. Stephen and Bate
c. Norris-Eyring
d. Notch

30.Velocity of sound in air at 20 C

a. 300 m/s
b. 330 m/s
c. 1330 m/s
d. 344 m/s
31. What is the unit of pitch?
a. Sone
b. Phon
c. Decibel
d. Mel

32. The average absorption of a person

a. 5.7 units
b. 4.7 units
c. 6.7 units
d. 3.7 units
33. A term which is subjective but dependent mainly
on frequency and also affected by intensity,
a. Timbre
b. Quality
c. Frequency
d. Pitch

34. The _____of sound is a subjective effect which is a

function of the ear and the brain.
a. pitch
b. frequency
c. timbre
d. loudness
35. Defined as the time for the intensity of sound
energy in the room to drop to one millionth of its
initial value.
a. Reverberation time
b. Transmit time
c. Decaying time
d. Response time

36. _______is the sound energy per unit area at right

angles of the propagation direction, per unit time
a. Loudness
b. Coherence
c. Sound stress
d. Sound intensity
37. The minimum sound intensity that can be heard
is termed
a. Threshold of feeling
b. Threshold of pain
c. Threshold of sensation
d. Threshold of hearing
38. What is the audio frequency range?
a. 20 kHz to 20 MHz
b. 0 Hz to 20 kHz
c. 300 Hz to 400 Hz
d. 20 Hz to 20 kHz
39. The unit of loudness level of a sound
a. Sone
b. Decibel
c. Mel
d. Phon
40. What is the bass frequency range?
a. 20 kHz to 40 MHz
b. 1 Hz to 20 kHz
c. 40 Hz to 160 kHz
d. 10 Hz to 20 kHz
41. Pure tone of sound used as standard on testing.
a. 1 Hz
b. 10 Hz
c. 100 Hz
d. 1000 Hz
42. Crest-to-crest distance along the direction of wave
travel
a. compression
b. wavelength
c. period
d. sound wave
43. Lowest frequency produced by a musical
instrument
a. midrange
b. harmonic
c. fundamental
d. period
44. Tendency of a sound energy to spread
a. diffraction
b. rarefaction
c. reflection
d. refraction
45. The intensity needed to produce an audible sound
varies with _____.
a. frequency
b. noise
c. amplitude
d. tone
46. Intensity can also be called as
a. volume
b. loudness
c. sharpness
d. strength
47. The loudness of a sound depends upon the
energy of motion imparted to _________molecules of
the medium transmitting the sound.
a. transmitting
b. running
c. moving
d. vibrating
48. If the distance between the listener and the
source of the sound is doubled, the intensity
is reduced to
a.
b. 1/3
c. 2/3
d.
49. At a sensation level of 40 dB, 1000 Hz tone is
a. 1000 mels
b. 500 mels
c. 2000 mel
d. 100 mels
50. Consists of a rapid succession of noticeable echoes.
a. rarefaction
b. refraction
c. reflection
d. flutter echo
51. Laid the foundations of acoustic theory of buildings.
a. Charles H. Townes
b. W.C. Sabine
c. A. Javin
d. Stephen and Bate
52. Considered to be the threshold of hearing.
a. 10-12 W/cm2
b. 10-16 W/m2
c. 10-13 W/m2
d. 10-12 W/m2
53. The number of vibration or pressure
fluctuations per second
a. frequency
b. timber
c. quality
d. pitch
54. It is the tone quality of sound
a. frequency
b. timbre
c. loudness
d. pitch
55. An octave above 600 Hz is
a. 601 Hz
b. 800 Hz
c. 1400 Hz
d. 1200 Hz