PAKISTAN STUDIES

Group Members:
1. M. Bilal Ahmad 170659
2. Aashir Masood 170674
3. Aatif Javed 170749
4. Moavia Abdul Waheed
170761
rELATIONSHIP
Between
United states
and
Pakistan
Until 9/11
 The Foreign Policy of Pakistan
aims to:
Develop friendly relations.
Safeguard vital security.
Resolve core issues.
Portray a strong image.
Augment economic and commercial
interests
Protect interests of Pakistan abroad.
HISTORY (1947-1971)
 US established diplomatic relations with
Pakistan on October 20, 1947.
These relations developed against the
backdrop of the Cold War and since then
this relationship has been based on
economic and military assistance.
Pakistan's relations with the US
improved in early 1950s when President
Eisenhower came to power
 In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual
Defence
Agreement the US and subsequently
became
members of SEATO and CENTO.
These treaties put Pakistan under US
influence
and thus Pakistan was used as a base for
military
reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory
 SEATO

South East Asian Treaty Organization

September 8, 1954
Members: Iran, Iraq, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
Purpose:
U.S. pressure and promises of military and
economic aid were key in the negotiations
leading to the agreement.
Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in
Middle East oil producing countries.
Reasons for failure:
Did not intervene in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in
member states (Egypt, Syria, Iran, etc)
 CENTO Central
Treaty Organization

1955
Members: Australia, France, New Zealand,
Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand,
United Kingdom and the United States.
Purpose:
Establish a collective security arrangement for
Southeast Asia.
Enhance trade relationships.
Reasons for its failure :
Lack to willingness to resolve issues.
Ultimate inability of the other SEATO nations to
act militarily.
 Ayubs Era (1952-1969)
Significance of SEATO and CENTO
Military aid increased to 500 million dollar by 1957.
Further strengthening of US-PAK relationship.
Became United States Most-Allied Ally in Asia.
U-2 Crises of 1960:
July, 1957- US requested permission from Pakistan for
the establishment of a secret US Intelligence facility in
Pakistan.
Location: Badaber, 10 miles from Peshawar.
April 9, 1960- U-2 spy plan of the special CIA unit crossed
the national boundary of the Soviet Union and flew over
four Soviet top secret military objects but was detected by
the Soviet Air Defense Forces.
 Pakistan became a wholehearted ally
which undertook real responsibilities and
risk by providing facilities
highly important to US national security.
Compromise on Pakistans security and
worsened relations with the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union threatened the
nuclear annihilation of Pakistani cities.
Indus Water Treaty in 1960 and half a
billion in US funds.
 Sino-Indian War
In 1962, Sino-Indian War was fought US
gave aid to India without consulting
Pakistan. In the same year General Ayyub
Khan visited China which affected PAK-
US relations.
Pakistan growing friendship with
communist China after the 1962 Sino-
Indian war.
 Half Decade Story
In 1965 Indo-Pakistan War Happened in
which both United States and United
Kingdom supplied arms to Pakistan.
United States increased the amount of aid to
Pakistan half a billion of which were lost in
war.
Army Chief Gen. Yahya Khan took over
power from President Ayyub Khan in 1969.
Elections held in 1970 that lead to a limited
civil war.
 Indo- Pak War 1971
India launched a War on December, 1971.
After fortnight of fighting the Pakistan Forces
in East Pakistan accepted default. India
wants to conquer West Pakistan.
The war is not going very well for Pakistan.
On December 10, 1971, 10:51 am. US
President Richard Nixon on the phone with
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Nixon:
Our desire is to save West Pakistan . That's
all.
Kissinger: That's right. That is exactly right.
Pakistan withdraw from SEATO in 1972.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became president of Pakistan
in 1974. He was a close friend of President
Nixon which went in Pakistan favor.
In 1976 Pakistan ran in trouble with the US over
the issue of acquisition of a nuclear processing
plant and President Jimmy Carter imposed
sanctions on Pakistan.
Symington Amendment Section 101 of the Arms
Export Control Act
Imposed in 1979 for Pakistans clandestine
construction of a uranium enrichment plant.
 General Zias Era
In the early days of Zia regime the relationship
between US and Pakistan.
general Zia admitted this thing in an interview that in
the administration of President Carter the relations
reached at the lowest point.
The main cause is the controversy on the nuclear
issues.
Than for Pakistan US changed its strategies and
provide assistance in militarily and economically.
The most determining factor in Pakistan and US
relationship during this period was the geographical
importance of Pakistan in the region.
In 1976 Pakistan and France reached an
agreement in which France provides a
nuclear processing plant.
 Year of 1979
This is the main issue which destroyed the
relationship between US and Pakistan after this
Pakistans government issued a strongly angry
statement against US policy.
President Jimmy cut off aid to Pakistan in 1979
after the General ( Zia) refused to allow
International Inspection of his Countrys nuclear
installation.
There are some other reasons which gave bad
impact to US towards Pakistan and is the
mistaken belief that the US was involved in the
attack of Makkah ( The Holiest place for Muslims
in the World).
 Soviet Afghan War
The Soviet Afghan War lasted over ten
years from December, 1979- February
1989.
The insurgent group fought against Soviet
Army and Allied Afghan Forces, between
8,50,000 to 20,00,000 civilians were killed
and millions of Afghans fled the country as
refugees mostly to Pakistan and Iran.
 Relations once again soured after the
collapse of Soviet Union when the united
states sanctions against Pakistan for its
nuclear weapon program.