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Translation Process
(Protein Biosynthesis)
2
What is translation?
3
The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic
material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid
sequences) by living cells.
mRNA molecules have no affinity for amino acids and, therefore, that the translation
of the information in the mRNA nucleotide sequence into the amino acid sequence of
a protein requires an intermediate adapter molecule.
This adapter molecule (tRNA) must recognize a specific nucleotide sequence on the
one hand as well as a specific amino acid on the other.
Twenty amino acids are required for the synthesis of the cellular proteins; thus, there
must be at least 20 distinct codons that make up the genetic code.
Since there are only 4 different nucleotides in mRNA, each codon must consist of
more than a single purine or pyrimidine nucleotide. Codons consisting of two
nucleotides each could provide for only 16 (42) specific codons, whereas codons
of three nucleotides could provide 64 (43) specific codons.
The mRNA transcript is a linear sequence of
nucleotides carrying genetic information and it is
single-stranded.
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Features of the Genetic Code
2. Wobble allows some tRNAs to recognize more than one codon
When several different codons specify one
amino acid, the difference between them
usually lies at the third base position (at the 3
end).
-The first two letters of each codon are the
primary determinants of specificity, a feature
that has some interesting consequences.
Anticodon
-Transfer RNAs base-pair with mRNA
codons at a three-base sequence on the
tRNA.
-The third base of most codons pairs rather
loosely with the corresponding base of its
anticodon; to use his picturesque word, the
third base of such codons (and the first base
of their corresponding anticodons) wobbles.
-Crick proposed the Wobble hypothesis:
The order of the codons in the mRNA determines the sequence in which
amino acids are added to the growing polypeptida chain.
The order of the codons in the mRNA determines the linear sequence of
amino acids in the protein.
TYPE OF MUTATIONS
TYPE Description Example
In the first step of the process, all the components needed for
translation come together.
Protein Synthesis
4. Stage 1: Amionoacyl-tRNA synthetases attach the correct amino acids to their tRNAs
2017/12/8 25
Eukaryotic mRNA (monocistrionic)
(Kozak Scanning)
Formation of aminoacyl-tRNA
Amino acid activation
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Translation initiation pathway
in E. coli ribosom
Translational initiation
pathway in eukaryotes.
Initiation factors are represented
by colored rectangles where they
are first implicated in the pathway
and by circles of the same color
thereafter. .
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA), are
directly involved in protein synthesis; miRNAs regulate mRNA function at the level
of translation and/or stability.
The open reading frame, or ORF, of the mRNA is the series of codons, each specifying
a certain amino acid, that determines the precise aa sequence of the protein.
Protein synthesis, like DNA and RNA synthesis, follows the 5' to 3' polarity of mRNA
and can be divided into three processes: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Mutant proteins arise when single-base substitutions result in codons that specify a
different amino acid at a given position, when a stop codon results in a truncated protein,
or when base additions or deletions alter the reading frame, so different codons are read.
A. Proteolytic Cleavage
Proteolytic removal of their leading Met (or fMet) residue
shortly after it emerges from the ribosome.
Chain Initiation
a. fMet Is the N-Terminal Residue of Prokaryotic Polypeptides
b. Base Pairing between mRNA and the 16S rRNA Helps Select the
Translational Initiation Site
c. Prokaryotic Initiation Is a Three-Stage Process that Requires the
Participation of Soluble Protein Initiation Factors
d. Eukaryotic Initiation Is Far More Complicated than That of Prokaryotes
POSTTRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION
A. Proteolytic Cleavage
B. Signal Peptides Are Removed from Nascent Proteins by a Signal Peptidase
C. Polyproteins
D. Covalent Modification:
- Collagen Assembly Requires Chemical Modification
Additional PTMs
Nitrosylation
Glycation
ADP-ribosylation
O-GlcNAc
Lipidation, ex:- Glycophosphatidyl inositol
(GPI) membrane protein
- Prenyl groups,
Farnesylation
Protein Folding
Molecular Chaperones:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA), are
directly involved in protein synthesis; miRNAs regulate mRNA function at the level
of translation and/or stability.
The open reading frame, or ORF, of the mRNA is the series of codons, each specifying
a certain amino acid, that determines the precise aa sequence of the protein.
Protein synthesis, like DNA and RNA synthesis, follows the 5' to 3' polarity of mRNA
and can be divided into three processes: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Mutant proteins arise when single-base substitutions result in codons that specify a
different amino acid at a given position, when a stop codon results in a truncated protein,
or when base additions or deletions alter the reading frame, so different codons are read.