ENERGY RESOURCES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO 2:

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

EG: SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, TIDAL ENERGY
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE ( CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCE)
EG: COAL, OIL, NATURAL GAS, NUCLEAR ENERGY
ENERGY TYPE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

RENEWABLE WIDE AVAILABILITY UNRELIABLE SUPPLY

LOWER RUNNING COST USUALLY PRODUCED IN SMALL
DECENTRALIZED POWER QUANTITIES
PRODUCTION OFTEN DIFFICULT TO STORE
LOW POLLUTION CURRENTLY PER UNIT COST OF
AVAILABLE FOR THE FORESEEABLE ENERGY IS MORE COMPARED TO
FUTURE OTHER TYPES
NON AVAILABLE IN HIGHLY CONCENTRATED HIGHLY POLLUTING
RENEWABLE FORM AVAILABLE ONLY IN FEW PLACES
EASY TO STORE HIGH RUNNING COST
RELIABLE SUPPLY LIMITED SUPPLY
LOWER COST PER UNIT OF ENERGY
IS PRODUCED AS TECHNOLOGY IS
MATURED
SUSTAINABLE HIGHLY RELIABLE RISK OF RADIOACTIVITY
PRODUCES LARGE AMOUNT OF HIGH WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS
ENERGY WITH LITTLE CO2 EMISSIONS HIGH CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND
USE SMALL AMOUNT OF RAW MAINTANANCE COST
MATERIAL PER UNIT ENERGY
PRODUCTION
ENERGY USES AND CONSUMPTION
LARGEST SHARE OF ENERGY IS USED IN INDUSTRY
EG: MINING, CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, OIL REFINING, SMELTING, PAPER INDUSTRY
COMMERCIAL & RESIDENTIAL SECTORS COME NEXT FOLLOWED BY TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE WORLD

SOURCE : PROJECTION FROM ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION
REGION ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CARBON EMISSION IN
QUADRILLION BTU BILLION TONES
YEARS 2001 2010 2025 2001 2010 2025

INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS 211.5 236.3 281.4 11634 12938 15647

EASTERN EUROPE/ 53.3 59 75.6 3148 3397 4313

FORMER SOVIET UNION
DEVELOPING NATIONS 139.2 175.5 265.9 9118 11397 4313

ASIA 85 110.6 173.4 6012 7647 11801

WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE ARE:
MIDDLE EAST 20.8 25.0 34.1 1299 1566 2110

AFRICA 12.4 14.6 21.5 843 971 1413

CENTRAL & SOUTH 20.9 25.4 36.9 964 1194 1845

AMERICA
 WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION

OIL
NATURAL GAS
COAL
HYDROELECTRIC
NUCLEAR
BIOMASS & OTHER

CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY:
INDIA ACCOUNTED FOR 12.5% OF PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION & 3% OF WORLD
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN 2000-01.
IN INDIA PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS 486 KGOE COMPARED WITH WORLD AVG OF 1659 KGOE IN 1998
COAL DOMINATES THE ENERGY MIX IN INDIA & CONTRIBUTES 60% OF TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION
INDIAN COAL RESERVE COMPRISES 8% OF THE WORLD TOTAL
IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL & PETROLEUM PRODUCTS HAVE MORE THAN DOUBLED FROM 27MT IN 1990 TO 52MT IN 2000
RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS DROPPED FROM 730 BILLION M3 IN 1991 TO 647 BILLION M3 IN 1999
THE 26 SEDIMENTARY BASIN S OF INDIA ACCOUNT FOR 1.35 MILLION KM2 OF ON SHORE AREA AND 0.39 MILLION KM2
OF OFF SHORE AREA
CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
FOSSIL FUELS NOW PROVIDE ABOUT 85% OF ALL COMMERCIAL ENERGY IN THE WORLD
BIOMASS FUELS CONTRIBUTE ABOUT6% OF ENERGY
OTHER RENEWABLE RESOURCES MAKE UPTO 4-5%
IN POORER COUNTRIES BIOMASS SUPPLIES MORE THAN 90% OF ENERGY USED FOR HEATING & COOKING
NUCLEAR POWER IS ROUGHLY EQIUAL TO HYDROELECTRICITY WORLD WIDE (5% OF ALL ENERGY) BUT ITS ABOUT 20%
OF ALL ELECTRIC POWER IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY IN INDIA IS 379 kwh, 746 IN CHINA & 11994 IN USA
COAL
NORTH AMERICA, CHINA & SOVIET UNION HAS ONE FOURTH OF ALL PROVEN RESOURCES AND EASTERN & WESTERN
EUROPE HAVE FAIRLY LARGE COAL DEPOSITS
60% OF COUNTRYS POWER REQUIREMENTS ARE MET BY COAL
MAIN SOURCE OF EWNERGY IN MANUFACTURING IRON & STEEL, RAW MATERIAL FOR CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
INDIA HAS COAL RESERVE OF 214000 MILLION TONNES
MINING PROVIDES EMPLOYMENT FOR 700000 PERSONS
TWO THIRDS OF ANNUAL COAL PRODUCTION FROM JHARKHAND, MP, CHHATTISGARH & ORISSA

CONSUMPTION

POWER
GENERATION

STEEL INDUSTRY

CEMENT
INDUSTRY

CHEMICAL &
FERTILIZER
INDUSTRY
OIL
TOTAL AMOUNT OF OIL IN WORLD IS ABOUT 600 BILLION METRIC TONNES
465 BILLION BBL OF OIL IS ALREADY CONSUMED
LARGEST SUPPLY OF OIL IS IN SAUDI ARABIA WHICH IS ABOUT 250 BILLION BBL
COUNTRIES OF MIDDLE EAST CONTROL TWO THIRDS OF ALL OIL RESERVES
OIL RESERVES OF INDIA IS ABOUT 4000 MILLION TONNES AND ONLY ONE FOURTH IS EXPLOITABLE
INDIA PRODUCES 33 MILLION TONNES OF CRUDE PETROLEUM

CRUDE PETROLEUM
PRODUCTION ALSO PRODUCED IN TAMIL NADU, ANDHRA PRADESH &
ARUNACHAL PRADESH

MUMBAI
GUJARAT
ASSAM

1992

DEMAND OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN 1992 IS 102 MILLION TONNES PER YEAR INCREASED BY 176 MILLION TONNES
BY 2012 AND 50 MILLION TONNES IS EXPORTED
 NATURAL GAS
WORLDS 3 LARGEST FUEL MAKING UPTO 23% OF GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
SIBERIA & CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS HAVE 42.5 OF KNOWN NATURAL GAS RESERVES & ACCOUNTFOR 36.5% OF ALL
PRODUCTION
RECOVERABLE NATURAL GAS RESOURCES IN THE WORLD IS 228125
MILLION TONNES
LARGE RESERVES OF NATURAL GAS ARE THERE IN ANDHRA PRADESH,
MAHARASHTRA, GUJARAT, ASSAM & ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS
INDIA PRODUCES ABOUT 27.860 MILLION M3 GAS PER YEAR ABOUT
75% OF PRODUCTION FROM MUMBAI, 10% FROM GUJARAT & 7%
FROM ASSAM
PROCESSING, TRANSPORTATION & MARKETING IS DONE IN INDIA BY
GAS AUTHORITY OF INDIA LIMITED (GAIL)

NUCLEAR POWER
6 NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS IN INDIA
LOCATED AT TARAPUR, KALPAKKAM,
RAWATBHATA, NARORA, KAKRAPRA, KAIGA
GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATED IS 2020MW PER
YEAR
 NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES
IT MEANS THE ENERGY FROM SUN (THERMAL OR PHOTO-VOLTIC) ,BIOMASS(DIRECT BURNING OF GASIFICATION OR
METHANATION), WIND UP TO 25MW OF INSTALLED CAPACITY AND SMALL HYDEL POWER PLANTS UP TO 25MW
STATION CAPACITIES.

SOLAR ENERGY
DEVICES USED : SOLAR COLLECTOR, SOLAR CONCENTRATOR, SOLAR POWER THERMAL POWER PLANT, SPACE
POUNDS, SOLAR HOUSES ETC

BIOMASS
BIO MASS THAT CAN SERVE AS SOURCES OF FUEL ARE:
CROP RESIDUES , AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST LITTER
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
AS OF NOW ABOUT 1% OF BIOMASS ALONE IS UTILISED FOR POWER GENERATION.
MOST COMMON METHOD OF ENERGY GENERATION FROM BIOMASS IS THROUGH ANEROBIC DIGESTION
THIS IS VERY IDEAL FOR COOKING
TIDAL ENERGY :
CAN BE TAPPED IN PLACES OF HIGH TIDES . THESE ARE IDEAL IN HIGHER LATITUDES .IT IS A POLLUTION FREE
ENERGY
A TIDAL PROJECT WITH AN INSTALLED CAPACITY OF 5000MW HAS BEEN PROPOSED AT BAY OF FUNDY
THE LAGEST TIDAL PLANT IS SIHWA LAKE TIDAL POWER PLANT IN SOUTH KOREA WITH AN INSTALLED CAPACITY OF
260MW

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY :
ENERGY THAT IS RELEASED BY THE HEAT STORED INSIDE THE EARTH TERMED AS HOT SPOTS IS KNOWN AS
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
USED IN CANADA, NORTHERN EUROPE, SOUTHERN USA, PHILLIPINES, ITALY, INDONESIA, MEXICO,
NEW ZEALAND, ICELAND & CHINA, INDIA ( JAMMU & KASHMIR, HP)
DERIVE ENERGY FROM THE HEAT OF EARTHS INTERIOR PARTS .
ADVANTAGES: LOW OPERATING COST
USED FOR HEATING & COOLING
REDUCES EMISSION OF GASES BY 70%
ODOUR FREE & CLEAN
FREE FROM DAMAGE
IMPACTS
THE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
DAMAGE. IT HAS LEAD TO LARGE AMOUNTS OF DESTRUCTION OF NATURAL LANDSCAPES AND HABITATS THROUGH
THE PROCESS OF FUEL EXTRACTION, POLLUTION OF SOIL, WATER, AIR ETC. WHICH INTURN CAUSES CLIMATE
CHANGE.
INCREASE IN POPULATION DENSITIES, INDUSTRIALIZATION, CONSUMERISM OVER THE PAST CENT, FOLLOWING THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION , HAVE LEAD TO DRAMATIC RISES IN ENERGY DEMANDS FOR BOTH INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC PURPOSES.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH ENERGY

CAN BE SPLIT INTO 2 MAIN AREAS:
IMPACTS THAT ARISE DUE TO ENERGY PRODUCTION
IMPACTS THAT ARISE DUE TO ENERGY USE

IMPACTS ARE VARYING ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF FUEL,

METHOD OF USE AND THE WAY IT RELEASES ENERGY.
EG: FOSSIL FUELS LIKE COAL AND OIL ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH HIGH LEVELS OF GASIOUS EMISSIONS DURING THE
ENERGY PRODUCTION PROCESS,
LIKE CO2 AND OTHER GREEN HOUSE GASES THAT HAVE
LINKED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE.THIS CONTRASTS WITH
NUCLEAR FUEL, WHICH PRODUCES NO GREEN GAS
EMISSIONS , BUTUSES URANIUM AND RESULTS IN THE
PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES THAT ARE
DANGEROUS AND TAKES A LONG TIME TO DECAY.
 A SERIES OF WORLD CONFERENCES ON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMENCING WITH THE RIO
CONFERENCE IN 1922 HAVE LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL AGREEMENTS SUCH
AS THE KYOTO PROTOCOL TO ADRESS ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH GAS EMISSIONS AND GLOBAL WARMING.

IT HAS BEEN RECOGNISED THAT ENERGY PRODUCTION AT PRESENT IS UNSUSTAINABLE AND

HAS BOTH DIRECT IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT AS WELL AS MANY ASOCIATED SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
IMPLICATIONS.

ENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES HAVE LOW IMPACTS COMPARED TO NON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF OIL:
MORTALITY OF BIRDS AND CONTAMINATION OF SHORELINES RESULTING SEVERE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON
SHELLFISHERIES MAY OCCUR DUE TO OIL SPILLS, FOULING OF VESSELS, NET AND HARBOUR FACILITIES ARE
OTHER ADVERSE IMPACTS
EMISSION OF HYDROCARBONS, SULPHUR OXIDES, HYDROGEN SULPHIDES, CARBON DIOXIDE, OXIDES OF
NITROGEN, SOME ODOROUS SUBSTANCES ALSO OCCUR IN SUCH CASES
TANKER AND PIPELINE ACCIDENTS MAY CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
TORREY CANYON AND AMOCO CADIZ ACCIDENTS IN ENGLISH CHANNEL ARE WELL KNOWN ONES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NATURAL GAS:
CONSIDERABLY LESS SEVERE THAN OIL
IMPACT OF NATURAL GAS AND METHANE IS MINOR AND DISSIPATE RAPIDLY INTO ATMOSPHERE WITH LITTLE
ADVERSE EFFECT
EMISSION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE,HYDROCARBONS etc. DURING REFINING IS A MAJOR IMPACT
LNG ACCIDENTS MAY CAUSE SEVERE DANGER AND POLLUTION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF COAL:
MOST SEVERE DURING EXPLORATION, MINING, AND PROCESSING
DEEPER DEPOSITS WITH SUBSTANTIAL QUALITIES OF SULPHUR, AND METAL COMPOUNDS ON EXPOSURE TO
WATER AND OXYGEN INITIATES A SERIES OF REACTIONS WHICH CAUSES ACID MINE PROBLEMS
THE SEVERE TOLL ON HUMAN LIVES BY BLACK LUNG DISEASES ARE CAUSED BY EXPOSURE OF WORKERS TO
PARTICULATES OR DUSTS IN COAL MINES
COAL USED IN GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY RESULTS IN EMISSION OF OXIDES OF SULPHER,NITROGEN AND
CARBON AS WELL AS PARTICULATE MATTER INTO ATMOSPHERE OVER A PROLONGED PERIOD CAUSES
ACIDIFICATION IN DOWNWIND REGIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR POWER:
AVG AGE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IS 22 YEARS. AFTER THAT IT HAS TO BE SHUT DOWN AND DISPOSAL OF
WATER, FUEL, MACHINERY POSE MAJOR THREATS
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OPTIONS
FOSSIL FUELS HAS BEEN RISING AT RATES OF 2 TO 3% PER YEAR
ALL FOSSIL FUEL ARE CARBON BASED CMPOUNDS AND CANNOT BE BURNED WITHOUTCARBON DIOXIDE AS
OIL AND COAL PRODUCE LARGEST AMOUNT AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCE LEAST AMOUNT OF CO2
ON THE BASIS OF CARBON EMISSIONS PER CAPITA , USA AND OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRIES CAN SOLVE THIS
PROBLEM
A SINGLE ENERGY SOURCE CAN BE PUT TO USE TO PRODUCE ELECTRICAL AND HEAT ENERGY AND THE PROCESS IS
CALLED AS COGENERATION & CAN BE EMPLOYED TO CONSERVE ENERGY IN 2 FUNDAMENTAL WAYS:
A POWER PLANT WHOSE PRIMARY FUNCTION IS TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY CAN ALSO BE USED TO HEAT
SURROUNDING HOMES AND BUILDINGS
A FACILITY WHOSE PRIMARY FUNCTION IS TO PRODUCE HEAT OR MECHANICAL ENERGY CAN ALSO GENERATE
ELECTRICITY.THE SYSTEM CAN WORK FOR ALL SORTS OF FUELS AND HEAT ENGINES
CASE STUDIES
INDIA HAS WORLDS LARGEST DEPLOYMENT OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC, CONSISTING OF 850000PV SYSTEMS,
AGGREGATING 50MV & ENCOMPASSING 40 DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS. INDIA IS SECOND IN THE WORLD, CHINA BEING
FIRST.
WITH 5340MW OF INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY, INDIA RANKS FOURTH IN THE WORLD
GROSS WIND POWER POTENTIAL HAS BEEN REASSESSED AT 45000MW
ABOUT 4096 POTENTIAL SITES WITH CAPACITY OF 10072MW FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS HAVE IDENTIFIED
A POTENTIAL OF 16000MW OF POWER FROM SURPLUS/ DISTRIBUTED BIOMASS MATERIAL HAS BEEN ESTIMATED

ENERGY SAVING METHODS

MAKE ENERGY EFFICIENT HOUSES
RECYCLE GLASS,PAPER AND METALS
EAT FRESH VEGETABLES AND NOT CANNED FOODS
USE PRODUCTS THAT ARE LOCALLY MANUFACTURED
USE PRESSURE COOKER AND CFL LAMPS INSTEAD OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS
USE SOLAR COOKERS AND SOLAR WATER HEATERS
USE SOURCES OF ENERGY SUCH AS SOLAR POWER AND BIOMASS ENERGY
CUT DOWN ON THE FREQUENT USE OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
 CHERNOBYL : THE WORLDS WORST NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

APRIL 26,1986 ONE OF THE REACTORS IN A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN UKRAINE .

THE REACTOR MELTED DOWN AND ITS GRAPHITE MODERATOR CAUGHT FIRE AND BURNED FOR
10 DAYS , RELEASING OVER 100 TIMES MORE RADIATION INTO THE ATMOSPHERE.

THE INITIAL EXPLOSION AND PROLONGED FIRES RELEASED A HUGE RADIOACTIVE CLOUD THAT
SPREAD OVER BELARUS, RUSSIA, UKRAINE AND EUROPE AND EVENTUALLY ENCIRCLED THE
PLANET.

DISASTER WAS CAUSED BY POOR REACTOR DESIGN AND HUMAN ERROR

BY 2005, 56 PEOPLE HAD DIED FROM RADIATION RELEASED BY THE ACCIDENT AND 4000 PEOPLE
DIE FROM CANCERS CAUSED BY RADIATION EXPOSURE.

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN BELARUS, RUSSIA AND UKRAINE AND OTHER RESEARCHERS PUT
THE EVENTUAL DEATH TOLL TO 250000 TO 60000 .

350000 PEOPLE HAD TO ABANDON THEIR HOMES BECAUSE OF CONTAMINATION BY

RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT.
GLOBAL RE RESOURCES :-
It offers abundant opportunities for providing clean and sustainable energy for everyone.They are the answer to
the imminent fossil fuel shortages affecting electric power,heating and transportation.
Looking at this paramount aspect,it will discover the abundance of renewable energy resources all over the
world.Great potentials for solar,wind,geothermal,hydro,ocean,and bioenergy can be found on every continent.
Deserts can provide solar energy resources are located along the circum-pacific Ring of Fire , mountainous
countries with sufficient rainfall offer high potential for hydropower, along the coastlines ,ocean power( wave
and tidal ) can be generated and subtropical regions feature a large resources of bioenergy.
The technical potential for the utilization of renewable energy is nearly 20 times greater than current gobal
energy demand. Yet today ,renewable energy only provides 17% of the world primary needs and traditional
renewable energy use ( biomass and large hydro ) make up the greater share (9% and 5.7% respectively ). New
renewable energy such as wind and solar only 2% of total global primary energy consumption.
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA :-
RE in India comes under the purview of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE ),Govt. of India was
the first country in the world to set up a Ministry of Non-conventional Energy resources , in the early 1980s.
Indias cumulative grid interactive or grid tied renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydro ) has reached to
33.8 GW of which 66% comes from wind, while solar PV contributed nearly 4.59% along with biomass and small
hydro of the renewable energy installed capacity in India.
SOLAR POWER :-
India is densely populated and has high solar insolation,an ideal condition for solar power in India. So,one of the
first application of solar power has been for water pumping, to begin replacing Indias 4 to 5 million diesel
powered water pumps,each consuming about 3.5 KW, and off-grid lighting. Some large projects have been
proposed and a 35,000 sq.km area of the Thar desert has been set aside for solar power projects,sufficient to
generate 700 to 2100 GW.
The Govt. of India proposed in 2009 to launch its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission under the National
Action Plan (NAP ) on climate change with plans to generate up to 20,000 MW grid based solar power,2,000MW
of off-grid solar power and cover 20 million sq.metres with collectors by the end of final phase of the mission in
2020.The mission aims to achieve grid parity (electricity delivered at the same cost and quality as that delivered
on the grid ) by 2020. Achieving this target would establish India as a global leader in Solar Power Generation.
The present share of renewables in most electric grids is
marginal. Electricity generation from renewables is assuming
increasing importance in the context of rapid and accelerated
growth in energy demand and negative environmental external-
ities due to predominance of fossil fuels in the generation mix.
The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 18%,
with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and
3.4% from new renewables ( Global Status Report, 2007). In
particular, the wind and solar photovoltaic markets show yearly
growth rates between 20% and 30% in the last few years (Waldau
and Ossenbrink, 2004). At the end of 2008, worldwide wind farm
capacity was 120,791 megawatts (MW), representing an increase
of 28.8% during the year, and wind power produced 1.3% of global
electricity consumption. Wind power accounts for approximately
19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and
6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland (World Wind Energy
Association, 2009). The National Solar Mission is a major initiative
of the Government of India and targets the deployment of
20,000 MW of solar power by 2022 (MNRE, 2010).
However, regardless of the type of renewable energy source,
there are obstacles to their implementation in the current
centralised conventional distribution system. For conventiona

generation, the methods of analysis for making optimal decisions

are well known, but intermittent non-conventional sources pose
special problems. Conventional power planning offers techniques
for fossil fuel power and hydro power plants. These techniques
deal with optimal hydro-thermal scheduling with varying loads,
using mathematical approaches. A conventional generation
system can be operated to follow the load, which is not possible
with non-schedulable renewable power generation technologies.
The output of a wind/solar power plant has daily and seasonal
variations, depending on the site wind/solar insolation regime
and machine/device characteristics. As the share of variable