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G.K.Thayanithy
Fault level analysis
What is fault level ?
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Fault level analysis
Need for fault level analysis
Fault level analysis is needed to determine,
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Fault level analysis
Classification of faults
Electrical faults are classified as
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Fault level analysis
Types of faults
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Fault level analysis
Sources of fault current
Grid --- No of generators interconnected into a common power
grid, to which no. of consumers are also connected
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Fault level analysis
Assumptions made in fault level analysis
Resistance if any, small compared with reactance , is neglected
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Fault level analysis
Procedure for fault level calculation
1. Draw the single line diagram for the system assuming as single
phase
6. Calculate the current through the faulted branch- this will be the
fault current
7. Calculate the fault MVA using the relation
Fault MVA = 3 X Voltage X Fault current
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Representation of Power System
Single line diagram
GENERATOR
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER 1 TRANSFORMER 2
1 3
LOAD
LOAD
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Impedance diagram
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Reactance diagram or Positive Sequence diagram
Reference bus
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Selection of base values
As a rule only two bases should be selected first & the remaining
bases are calculated from these two
- Generally the base KV and base KVA are selected and other
quantities are calculated
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Calculation of base current & impedence
1. If base voltage assumed is L-N voltage,
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Thevenin`s Theorem
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Per Unit (p.u) method
Base KV = 1 p.u
Actual KV given in kV
p.u. kV = Actual kV/Base kV
Base current, I Amps = Base KVA/Base voltage
Base Impedance, Z Ohms = Base kV X 1000/ Base current I
= Base kV X Base kV X 1000/Base KVA
= (Base kV) X 1000/Base KVA
Base power kW = Base KVA
Change of base
If the base is changed, the p.u.Z referred to new base
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Passive and Dynamic reactance
In many electrical circuits, elements such as cables, transformer,
O/H lines, etc.., the variables are voltage & current
In motors & generators, the internal reactance vary during the fault
duration, due to armature reaction and dynamic nature of magnetic
circuit
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Behavior of Fault current in alternator
Sub-transient period
When a three phase short occurs at the terminals of an alternator,
a very high current flows for a few cycles, this current is known as
Sub transient component of current
The fault current now decays from the sub transient value to a lesser
value, known as Transient component of current
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Behavior of Fault current in alternator
Sustained condition
The internal reactance of the m/c further increases to the value known
as Synchronous reactance, denoted by Xd, & the value will be
0.5 -1.5 p.u.
The fault current further reduces to a steady state value known as
Sustained SC current
This current will have to be sustained by the machine until the
protective relay senses the fault and isolates the alternator from fault
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Fault level analysis
Role of Fault current in selection of switch gear
Besides the voltage, nominal current, & frequency rating, the SWG
has three current ratings,namely
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Examples on FL calculation
1. Two 11KV, 3 Ph 3000 KVA generators having sub transient reactance
15% operate in parallel. The grs. Supply power to a transmission line
through a 6000 KVA transformer of ratio 11/22 KVA and having a
leakage reactance of 5%, Calculate fault current and fault MVA for a
three fault on a)HT side, b) LT side of the transformer
2. Two generators rated 11KV, 3000 KVA having 20% reactance are
interconnected by a 100 km long transmission line. The reactance of
line is 0.10 Ohms/km.The transformers near the generators are rated
6000 KVA 11KV/66 and have leakage reactance of 5%,
A three phase fault occurs at a distance of 20km from one end of the
line, when the system is on no load but at rated voltage
Calculate fault MVA & Fault current
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Behavior of Fault current in alternator