Tumor segmentation using

soft computing techniques

and its treatment

Dr. N. Shiva sankaran

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
K. S. R. College of Engineering 1

Tiruchengode - 637215
Introduction
Image processing and segmentation
Magnetic resonance image (MRI)
Soft computing in tumor detection
Surgical Treatments using Nano Technology
Conclusion
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 Introduction
Mass of cells results in uncontrolled growth -
Tumor.

Some tumors do not spread beyond their

origin point, others spreads to large distances
(other organs and tissues).

This process is called metastasis and tumors

that metastasize are called cancers.
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 Preferential metastatic sites
Primary tumor Common distant site(s)
Breast adenocarcinoma Bone, brain, adrenal

Prostate adenocarcinoma Bone

Lung small cell carcinoma Bone, brain, liver

Skin cutaneous melanoma Brain, liver, Bowel

Thyroid adenocarcinoma Bone

Kidney clear cell carcinoma Bone, liver, thyroid

Testis carcinoma Liver

Bladder carcinoma Brain

Neuroblastoma Liver, adrenal 4

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 IMAGE PROCESSING
An image is an array, or a matrix of square pixels (picture
elements) arranged in columns and rows.

Image Processing - act of examining images for identifying

objects and judging their significance.
Input image (photographs / video frames)
Output set of features of the image.

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 IMAGE SEGMENTATION
Digital Image Processing
low level process - primitive operations such as
preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement and
image sharpening.

mid level process - segmentation, description of objects

to a suitable form for computer processing and classification.

high level process - image analysis of recognized objects.

Image segmentation - Partitioning a digital image into multiple

regions (sets of pixels).

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APPLICATIONS OF IMAGE SEGMENTATION

Medical imaging
Locates objects in satellite images
Face recognition
Finger print recognition
Machine vision

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Magnetic resonance image (MRI)

Uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves

Produces detailed images of interior body in

any plane
Manipulates the inherent large magnetic
moment of certain atomic nucleus.
Abundance of hydrogen atom Nucleus
(proton) in human body - biological tissue
imaging.
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 How does an MRI scan work?
Human body - water molecules (H2, O2).

Each H2 has tiny particle proton at centre.

Protons are like tiny magnets, very sensitive to magnetic

fields.

Object is positioned in the core of the imaging magnet

Protons in tissues experience strong static magnetic field

measures components of magnitude vector of precession
at different times and thus differentiates tissues
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 Nanotechnology
Design,
Characterization,
Production and
Application of structures,
devices and systems by
controlling shape and size at
nano scale.
Nano meter = 10-9 m.
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APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Medicine
Drug delivery systems
Prostheses and implants
Antimicrobial agents and coatings
Agents in cancer therapy

Electronic industry
Displays
Laser diodes
Glass fibres
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 NANO MEDICINE
Nanotechnology + Medicine = Nano
medicine.

Nano medicine monitoring, repair,

construction and control of human biological
systems at the molecular level, using
engineered Nano devices and nanostructures.

The Nano robots are new possibility for

medical instrumentation to solve many
problems in health care. 16
 COMPONENTS OF NANO ROBOTS

Actuation : Electric motor.

Manipulator : Vacuum Gripper.
Nano sensors : Environmental, Chemical, Bio-Sensor.

Communication 17

Relevant Sensors, Messaging, and Monitor.

 CANCER
Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are
aggerssive, invasive and metastatic.

I.Primary steps II. Secondary steps

Immunity fails.
Proto-Oncogene to Oncogene.
Tumor suppressor genes stop
working.
Excessive cell growth
Tumor Forms.
Malignant tumor.18

Cells Achieve Immortality. Tumors Spread.

A Graphical Representation of nanorobots
working in a blood vessel, to remove a
cancerous cell

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www.e-spaces.com/portfolio/ trans/blood/
 Guided Drug Delivery
The nano particles can deliver drugs in body such as,
Target specific action - gold particles in nano shell.
Trigger based drug dose insulin dose.
Other options for targeting:
Solid tumor 1 - Direct injection into
tumor site
2 - Coating NMP with
antibodies to target tumor
Apply magnetic
field to concentrate
particles
Inject the NMPs, it will
circulate through the
blood stream
Modulate field to
release drug from
Body.

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 CLEANING ROBOTS I
Teeth cleaning robots collect harmful bacteria from
mouth.

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Cleaning robots II

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Cleaning robots III

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 CONCLUSION

Nano medicine is reasonable to expect several and

significant advantages of nano technology in
health care in future.

The lot of developments in nano technology,

including software.

In future the microprocessor will be replaced by

nanoprocessor and microsoft by nanosoft. 24