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PGE 363
By
Dr. Eissa Mohamed Shokir
COURSE DESCRIPTION
Stratigraphic
Extent of
Petroleum
Overburden Rock
System
Sedimentary
Essential
Basin Fill
Elements Seal Rock
of Reservoir Rock
Petroleum
Pod of Active System Source Rock
Source Rock
Underburden Rock
Petroleum Reservoir (O)
Basement Rock
Fold-and-Thrust Belt Top Oil Window
(arrows indicate relative fault motion)
Top Gas Window
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Timing of formation of the major elements of a petroleum system, Maracaibo basin, Venezuela.
DEFINITIONS - SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Sedimentary Rock
Rock Formed from the Weathered
Products of Pre-Existing Rocks and
Transported by Water, Wind, and
Glaciers
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks (Such as
Shale, Siltstone, and Sandstone)
Consist of Broken Fragments of
Pre-Existing Rock (cf. Detrital)
Clastic Rocks
Consist Primarily of Silicate Minerals
- Grain Size
- Mineral Composition
Carbonate Rocks
Consist Primarily of Carbonate Minerals
-2
(i.e. Minerals With a CO3 Anion Group)
- Predominately Calcite (Limestone)
- Predominately Dolomite (Dolomite
or Dolostone)
Classified by Grain Size and Texture
SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES
Relative Abundances
Sandstone
and conglomerate
(clastic)
~11%
Limestone and
Dolomite
Mudstone
(carbonate)
(Siltstone
~14%
and shale;
clastic)
~75%
Grain-Size Classification for Clastic Sediments
Name Millimeters Micrometers
4,096
Boulder 256
Cobble 64 Commonly, phi-sizes are used
for sediment analysis
Pebble 4
Granule 2
Very Coarse Sand 1
Coarse Sand 0.5 500
Medium Sand 0.25 250
Fine Sand 0.125 125
Very Fine Sand 62
0.062
Coarse Silt 0.031 31
Medium Silt 0.016 16
Fine Silt 0.008 8
Very Fine Silt 0.004 4
Clay (modified from Blatt, 1982)
DUNHAMS CLASSIFICATION - CARBONATES
Carbonate rocks can be classified according to the texture and grain size.
Seal
Fault
Oil/water
(impermeable)
contact (OWC)
Migration route
Seal
Seal
Hydrocarbon Reservoir
accumulation rock
in the
reservoir rock
Top of maturity
Source rock
DESCRIBING A RESERVOIR
Structural Characterization
STRUCTURAL HYDROCARBON TRAP
This structural trap is formed by an anticline and a normal fault. From Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
DOMAL TRAP
Are hydrocarbons in this field oil or gas?
What is the volume of hydrocarbons
In this trap?
What are the reserves?
A reservoir-drive
mechanism whereby
the oil is driven
through the
reservoir by an
active aquifer. As
the reservoir
depletes, the water
moving in from the
aquifer below
displaces the oil
until the aquifer
energy is expended
or the well
eventually produces
too much water to
be viable.
A gas-drive
system
utilizes the
energy of
the
reservoir
gas,
identifiable
as either as
free or
solution
gas, to
produce
reservoir
liquids.
Composition
Molecular structure
Physical properties
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
HYDROCARBONS
Color
Refractive Index
Odor
Density (Specific Gravity)
Boiling Point
Freezing Point
Flash Point
Viscosity
FLUID DENSITY
API = 141.5 - 131.5
What are the standard reporting conditions?
Importance
Units centipoises (, cp)
Strongly temperature dependent
Standard reporting conditions
DRILLING RIGS
Drillship Semisubmersible Jackup Submersible Land Rig