Unit-7

Test and Measurements in sports

 Introduction
The future of any field depends on the research work going on in
that particular field.
To assess the research work test, measurement and evaluation is
very essential.
The future of Physical education depends upon the ability of
physical education teachers and coaches to test the probable
sportspersons.
The test scores are used for guiding the students in the
appropriate selection of sports or physical activity in accordance
with their body potentials.
 Test: In scientific terms a Test is an instrument or tool used to
obtain data on specific traits, characteristics of an individual or group.
A test should be Valid, meaning it measures what it purports to
measure and it should be Reliable, meaning it is repeatable.

Measurement: is an aid to evaluate, it consists of numerical value or

scientific scores by expert and also known as raw score.

Evaluation: Test and measurements are the prerequisites for

evaluation. The evaluation tells the worth or progress of individual or
group.
 Slaughter-Lohman children skinfold formula
for computation of fat percentage
Introduction:
Body fats is considered as important
factor of health and fitness for
athletes as well as general population.
BMI is not a reliable resource to find
out the fat as it does not take body
composition in its consideration.
Skinfold measurements represent a
viable alternative.
Purpose: To check the fat percentage.
 Technique
Part to be measured: Triceps
Subject should be standing with arms
hanging loosely at the sides.
The triceps skinfold site is on the posterior
surface of he arm, midway between the
shoulder and the elbow.
Using the index finger and thumb, the
assessor grasps and lifts the skin 2cm
above TSF site.
Place the pincers of SF calipers at TSF
point at a depth of 1 cm.
Hold this position for 3-4 seconds. Take 3
measurements for accuracy. Provide the
actual thickness in mm.
Part to be measured: Calf
Subject should be sitting with calf in
relaxed position.
The calf skinfold site is on the inside
(medial) of the right lower leg at the
greatest calf girth.
Using the index finger and thumb, the
assessor grasps and lifts the skin 2cm
above TSF site.
Place the pincers of SF calipers at CSF
point at a depth of 1 cm.
Hold this position for 3-4 seconds. Take 3
measurements for accuracy. Provide the
actual thickness in mm.
 Body Composition Norms
Men/Women (Age in 20-29 30-39 40-49 50- Evaluation and Computation:
Years) 59
Very Lean (M) 6.3 9.9 12.8 14.4
Very Lean (W) 13.6 14 15.6 17.2 1. Boys of 6-17 years:
Excellent (M) 10.5 14.5 17.4 19.1 % Body Fat= 0.735(Triceps + Calf)+1.0
Excellent (W) 16.5 17.4 19.8 22.5 2. Girls of 6-17 years:
Good (M) 14.8 18.2 20.6 22.1 % Body Fat= 0.610(Triceps + Calf)+5.1
Good (W) 19.4 20.8 23.8 27
Fair (M) 18.6 21.3 23.4 24.6
Fair (W) 22.7 24.6 27.6 30.4
Poor (M) 23.1 24.9 26.6 27.8
Poor (W) 27.1 29.1 31.9 34.5
 Kraus-Weber Test
1. Introduction:
This test was developed by Dr. Hans Kraus and Dr. S. Weber.
This test helps in checking or testing the minimum muscular
strength required by a fit person.
Initially this test was designed to check the problem of low back
pain.
It consists of six items.
2. Purpose: To Check the minimum muscular strength.
3. Administration & Procedure of Test: Test consists of 6 items
which are to be graded on Pass-Fail basis, but partial movement on
each test can be scored 0-10.
 Test No.1-Strength of Abdominal Plus Psoas
Muscles (Straight Leg Sit-Up)
Position :
Lie down on back.
legs straight, feet held down,
hands behind neck.
The examiner holds down the
feet and the student has to
perform one sit-up in this form.
If he performs one sit-up, he
passes this test and if he cannot
raise his shoulder from the floor
he gets zero.
Test no.2- Strength of abdominal minus
psoas muscles (Bent Leg sit-up)
Position:
Lie down on back, Knees bent, Feet held
down, Hands behind back.
The examiner holds down the feet and
the student has to perform one sit-up in
this form.
If he performs one sit-up, he passes
this test and if he cannot raise his
shoulder from the floor he gets zero.
Test no.3-Strength of psoas and lower
abdominal muscles (Raising legs)
Position:
Lie down on back.
legs straight, feet held down, hands
behind neck.
The legs are lifted for 10 inches off
the floor while legs are straight.
Hold this position for 10 seconds.
The soring depends on the number of
seconds he holds the correct
position.
Test no.4-Strength of upper back muscles
(Raising Upper body)
Position:
Lie face down, Place small pillow
under hips, Upper body held
down, head resting on hands.
Lift your head, shoulder, chest off
floor and hold for a count of 10
seconds.
The soring depends on the number
of seconds he holds the correct
position.
Test No.5- Strength of lower back
muscles (Raising Lower Body)
Position:
Lie face down, Place small pillow
under hips, Upper body held
down, head resting on hands.
With knees straight, lift legs off
floor and hold for 10 seconds.
The soring depends on the number of
seconds he holds the correct
position.
Test no.6-Flexibility of Trunk (Floor
Touching)
Position:
The student stands erect,
barefooted and with feet together.
He is asked to lean down slowly and
touch the floor with finger tips.
Hold this position. No jerking is
allowed.
The soring depends on the number of
seconds he holds the correct
position.
 RIKLI AND JONES TEST
(For Senior Citizen Fitness)
Introduction: The Senior Fitness Test was developed at Fullerton
University, by Dr. Roberta Rikli and Dr. Jessie Jones. It is a simple,
easy-to-use battery of Six easy test items that assess the functional
fitness of older adults.

Purpose: To check the fitness ability of senior citizen.

 CHAIR STAND TEST
Testing Lower Body Strength
Equipment: Chair without arms, Stopwatch

Administration:
Place the chair against a wall where it will be stable. Sit
in the middle of the chair with your feet flat on the
floor, shoulder width apart, back straight.
Cross your arms at the wrist and place them against
your chest.
The tester will tell to begin and will time you for 30
seconds, using the stopwatch. You will rise up to a full
stand and sit again as many times as you can during the
30second interval.
Each time you stand during the test be sure you come
to a full stand. When you sit, make sure you sit all the
way down. Do not just touch your backside to the chair.
You must fully sit between each stand.
 ARM CURL TEST
Testing Upper Body Strength
Equipment: 5 lb Weight & an 8 lb weight,
stopwatch & a straightback chair with no
arms.
Administartion:
Tester will tell you when to begin and will time
you for 30 seconds, using the stopwatch.
Do as many curls as you can in the allotted
30second time period. This test is done on
the stronger arm side.
Remember to do a Full Curl. The complete
curls will be score.
DO NOT SWING THE WEIGHT.
CHAIR SIT AND REACH TEST
Lower Body Flexibility Test
Equipment: Chair, Ruler.
Administration
Place the chair against a wall so it will be stable. Slide forward
in your chair until you are able to straighten one of your legs.
The ankle of your straight leg should be flexed at about a
90degree angle. Your other foot should be flat on the floor.
Then person is instructed to inhale and exhale and reach
towards the toes by bending at the hip.
Keep the head up and avoid jerky movements. Keep the knee
straight and hold the reach for 2 seconds.
The distance between toes and fingers is measured in inches.
If finger touch the toes the score is zero. If it does not then
score is in negative. If it crosses then score is positive.
Try the reach twice and record the better of the two
measurements.
 BACK SCRATCH TEST
Upper Body Flexibility Test
Test is done in standing position. One hand is placed behind
the head over the shoulder and reaches as far as possible
down the middle of back whereas palm touching the body
and fingers directed down.
Reach up as far as possible and attempt to touch the
fingers of your two hands together.
The distance between the fingertips of one hand and the
other is measured to the nearest half inch. If your fingers
overlap, the amount of the overlap will be measured.
Fingertips just touching receive a score of 0.
If your fingers do not touch, you receive a negative score
of the distance between your fingers, measured to the
nearest .5 or half inch.
You receive a positive score if your fingers overlap,
measuring the overlap to the nearest .5 or half inch.
Do the stretch twice, recording the best score.
 8-FOOT UP AND GO TEST
Speed, Agility & Balance Test
Equipment:Chair, Cone , Stopwatch
Administration:
Place the chair against wall and mark a
cone eight feet away in front of chair.
Upon the signal go rise from the chair
and walk as quickly as possible out to the
marker. Do not run. Walk around the
outside of the marker and return to your
seat as quickly as possible.
As soon as you are fully seated again your
test partner will stop the watch and
record your time to the nearest tenth of a
second.
Scoring is counted as time taken to
perform this. Two trials are conducted and
lowest time in seconds is recorded.
 6 Minute Walk Test
To measure Aerobic Fitness
Equipment: Measuring tape to mark distance on track, Stopwatch,
Chairs for rest.
Administration:
The walking track is laid in rectangular area with cones (45*5m).
The aim of test is to walk as quick as possible for 6 minutes an
cover maximum distance.
Person set their own pace and may take rest also if desired.
Distance will be covered in meters.
 Harward Step Test
Introduction: This test was developed by Brouha in 1943 to
measure the cardiovascular fitness of the individual.

Purpose: To measure the cardiovascular fitness.

Equipment required: Bench [Men (45 cm), Women (50 cm)],

Stopwatch, Helper.
Administration and Procedure of test
In this test the student step up and down on
the bench for 5 minutes or until exhaustion at a
rate of 30 steps per minute.
Steps: (i) at the command of Go the student
starts step up and down, whereas assistant
starts the stopwatch.
(ii) This goes on for 5 minutes or till
exhaustion.
(iii) The assistant measure the pulse rate as
pulse 1 for 1 minute after 1 minute recovery.
(iv) The assistant measure the pulse rate as
pulse 2 for 1 minute after 2 minute recovery.
(v) The assistant measure the pulse rate as pulse 3
for 1 minute after 3 minute recovery.
 Calculation Procedure
For one minute Pulse calculation formula:

30000/ (Pulse 1+Pulse 2+ Pulse 3)

 AAHPER
(For Motor Fitness Measurement)
Introduction:
AAHPER is American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and
Recreation.
This test was developed in 1947 to check, compare and evaluate
the physical fitness standards of American youth and school
children.
This test battery has 6 items, which have to be performed in 2
days.
Proper warm up should be done before starting the test.
 Test Items

Ist Day IInd Day

Pull-Ups (Boys)/ Flex Arm Standing Broad Jump.
Hang Girls. 50 Yard Dash.
Bent Knee Sit-Up. 600 Yard Walk or Run.
Shuttle Run.
 Pull-Ups (Boys)/ Flex Arm Hang Girls.
Purpose: To measure the
muscular strength and muscular
endurance of upper body.
Procedure:
Boys performs maximum Pull-
ups in One minute and that will
be the score.
Girls have to raise the body up
for maximum One minute ,
while feet over the surface,
number of seconds in holding
position will be the score.
 Bent Knee Sit-Up
Purpose: To measure muscular
strength and muscular endurance of
trunk muscles.
Procedure:
Students lies down on his/her
back.
Boys will keep hands under the
neck and they have to touch their
elbows to knee while curling up.
For girls ,Curling up is same, but
girls will keep hands over thighs.
 Shuttle Run
Purpose: To check speed and agility.
Procedure:
Students have to pick up two
wooden blocks from 10 yards
distance lines and place them over
the staring line.
Students has to pick up one wooden
block at a time.
Time is noted as nearest 10th of
second.
Standing Broad Jump
Purpose: To check explosive strength of
legs.
Procedure:
Student will stand near the marked line.
He/she flex knees and swing body before
jumping.
Student has to jump with both legs
together to maximum distance.

After 3 chances the best score in feet

and inches will be recorded.
 50 Yard Dash 600 Yard Walk or Run
This test is to check speed This test is to measure
and explosive strength of cardiovascular endurance.
lower body. Students have to run or
Students has to run with walk covering 600 yards in
maximum speed Upto shortest time.
50yards. Time is noted in minutes and
Time is noted as nearest seconds as score.
10th of second.
 Barrow Fitness Test
(For General Motor Fitness)
Introduction:
Barrow General Motor Fitness Test (Battery) is good to check
the general motor ability of an individual.
It helps in noticing good players.
It includes three things Standing Broad Jump, Zigzag Test and
Overhear Medicine ball throw.
Standing Broad Jump
Purpose: To check explosive strength of
legs.
Procedure:
Student will stand near the marked line.
He/she flex knees and swing body before
jumping.
Student has to jump with both legs
together to maximum distance.

After 3 chances the best score in feet

and inches will be recorded.
 Zigzag Test
Purpose: To check speed and agility.
Equipment: Marker Cones, Stopwatch and non
slippery surface.
Administration:
A standard zigzag course is with four cones
placed on the corners of a rectangle 10*16, with
one more cone in center.
If the cones are labelled 1-4 at corners, the
center one is C.
Route will start from 1 to C then 2 , 3 then back
to C then 4 and finally to 1.
On command of Go student has to run and finish
it in minimum possible time.
Time is noted as nearest 10th of second.
 Overhead Medicine Ball Throw
Purpose: To measure the upper body strength.
Equipment: Medicine ball (1kg/Girls, 3
Kg/Boys).
Administration:
The students stand at a line with feet apart
as per shoulder width.
The ball is held with both hands and above
the head.
After a swing ball is thrown forcefully as
far as possible.
After 3 chances the best score in feet and
inches will be recorded.
 Rockport Walking Test
(For Cardiovascular Fitness)
This test is very good to measure Cardiorespiratory fitness.
Purpose: To measure the Cardiorespiratory ability of an individual.
Requirements: Running Track, Stopwatch, Assistant.
Administration:
1. Choose a windless day.
2. Record weight in pounds.
3. Walk or run one mile(1609 meters).
4. Record the time to complete it.
5. Measure heart beat immediately.
6. Apply formula to measure VO2 Max.
 Calculation Procedure
Analysis of the VO2 Max is done by following formula

Formula: 132.853-(.0769Weight)-(.3877Age)+(6.315Gender)-
(3.2649Time)-(.1565Heart rate)
Note:
1. Weight in Pounds.
2. Gender: M=1 & F=0.
3. Time is expressed in mins and seconds.
4. Heart beats in beats/per minute.
5. Age in years.

Evaluation of test: Students with higher scoring are considered as more fit
as compared with less scoring considered as unfit.