Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) With Index Modulation (IM)

Presented By:
Azim Khan
TCET/EXTC/06

Under the Guidance of:

Dr. Rajesh S. Bansode
 Outline

Introduction

Literature Survey

Summary of literature survey

Problem Definition

Motivation

Scope

Block diagram of proposed system/execution steps

Maths in detail(Why)(flowghaph or algorithm steps)

Expected result

Conclusion

Presentation on analysis of Wireless

1 December 2017 2
Network under fading Channels
References
 Introduction

Wireless channels limitations?

What is MIMO system?

Why MIMO in communication system?

Capacity o f MIMO system

Aspirations of a MIMO system

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 OBJECTIVE

MIMO System: High data rates &

increased capacity.

OFDM technique: reduced multipath

fading, ICI and ISI & provide Multi-carrier
Orthogonal Signals.

BPSK Modulation: Long distance

transmission & used in each block of IDFT/IFFT of MIMO-OFDM model
for mapping data streams.

In this current work, comparison is done between BER vs SNR in MIMO-OFDM Systems using various
modulation schemes, where the performance of MIMO-OFDM system is used to achieve data rates (100
Mbps to 1 Gbps) for 4G wireless communication systems.

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 Why MIMO

Motivation: current wireless systems

Capacity constrained networks
Issues related to quality and coverage

MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve wireless systems

capacity, range and reliability

MIMO-OFDM the corner stone of future broadband wireless access

Wi-Fi 802.11n
WiMAX 802.16e (a.k.a 802.16-2005)
3G / 4G

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 MIMO Antenna Configuration

.
Use multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas for a single user

Forms of MIMO
SU-MIMO (Single User - MIMO)
This utilizes MIMO technology to improve
the performance towards a single user.
MU-MIMO (Multi User - MIMO)
This enables multiple users to be served
through the use of spatial multiplexing
techniques.

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 MIMO Channel Matrix

Example for 3 X 4 system: hij are complex

Number of spatial streams numbers: a+jb
equals rank(H) min(M, N) (amplitude & phase)
and frequency
selection

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 How MIMO Works

Example for 3 X 3 system:

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 Introduction to OFDM System

Origin of OFDM:
- First proposal-1950s
- Theory completed in 1960s,DFT implementation proposed in 1970s
- Europe adopted OFDM for digital radio broadcasting in 1987
- OFDM for Terrestrial Video broadcasting in Europe and Japan ADSL, WLAN(802.11a).

Basic Idea of OFDM:

- Form of signal modulation that divides a high data rate modulating stream placing them onto many slowly modulated
narrowband close-spaced subcarriers.

Challenges:
- To improve spectral efficiency

- Efficient bandwidth utilization

- Economical Signal Processing algorithms

- High speed processing hardware

Solution:
MIMO-OFDM with index modulation
 Introduction to OFDM Systems

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 OFDM Modulation

A QAM symbol is modulated onto each subcarrier.

IFFT/FFT are used for efficient modulation and demodulation .

Frequency Domain Time Domain

D/A
QAM Cyclic
S/P IFFT P/S and
Mapping Prefix
RF

(a)
Time Domain Frequency Domain
RF Strip
QAM
and cyclic S/P FFT FEQ P/S
decoding
A/D prefix
(b)
 Types of OFDM

C-OFDM (coded-OFDM)

MIMO-OFDM (multi input multi output)

V-OFDM (vector-OFDM)

W-OFDM(wide-OFDM)

Flash-OFD

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 OFDM Overview

Divides high-speed serial information

signal into multiple lower-speed
sub-signal. Transmits simultaneously
at different frequencies in parallel.

Pilot sub-carriers used to prevent

frequency and phase shift errors.

Usage of cyclic prefix for lower

multi-path distortion

Controlled overlapping of bands in one

channel

Max spectral efficiency (Nyquist rate)

Easy implementation using inverse FFTs

Easy time-freq. Synchronization

Modulate by switching between time and frequency domain

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 Index Modulation

It is a novel digital modulation technique with high spectral and energy efficiency. The indices of the building
blocks of considered communication systems are used to convey additional information bits.

The two promising forms of IM concepts:

1.Spatial modulation: The indices of the transmit antennas of MIMO systems.
2.OFDM with IM(OFDM-IM): The indices of the subcarriers of an OFDM systems.

Transmit information not only by M-ary constellation symbols, but also by the indices of active subcarrier
which are activated according to the incoming information bits.

Applied for both in phase and quadrature components of the subcarriers .

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 OFDM with Index Modulation

IM concepts for OFDM subcarriers.

OFDM IM is a novel multicarrier transmission scheme which has been proposed by inspiring from the
concept of spatial modulation.

Only a subset of a available subcarriers are selected as active, while the remaining inactive subcarrier are
not used and set to zero.

The information is conveyed not only by the data symbols as in classical OFDM ,but also by the indices of
the active subcarriers which are used for the transmission of the corresponding data symbols.

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 MIMO-OFDM with index modulation

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 SHANNONS CHANNEL CAPACITY(C)

Given a unit of BW (Hz), the max error-free transmission rate is

C = log2(1+SNR) bits/s/Hz

R: data rate (bits/symbol),RS: symbol rate (symbols/second)

W: allotted BW (Hz).

Spectral Efficiency: no. of bits transmitted per second per Hz

R x RS bits/s/Hz
W
As a result of filtering/signal reconstruction requirements, R S W. Hence Spectral Efficiency = R if RS = W.
If the data is transmitted at a rate of R C, which causes arbitrarily low Pe.

For MIMO the capacity is given by the following equation:

C = log 2 [det(IM + p/N H H*) b/s/Hz].

M(orN)-min. no.of transmitting antennas.(NT)-no. of receiving

antennas.(NR),M=min(NT,NR).

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 Literature Survey

Ref. Author Paper title Performance/ Results Remark /

No. (Year) Gaps Found
[1] R.Bansode, Design, The sample time at the transmitter is The sample time(Ts) at the
P. Sarode Simulation Ts=8.333333334e^-006.The sampling frequency transmitter can be increase above
,B. K. and Fs=0.1MHz(i.e 0.1Mbps).to change the sampling 54Mhz to achieve data rate more than
Mishra Performance frequency to 21MHz,Fs=700KHz is set to be set. 216Mbps using 8x8 MIMO-OFDM
,2013 Evaluation of Now Ts=4.762e^-008,Fs=21e006=21MHz so that with QPSK system.
4 x 4 MIMO data rate=21Mbps. So final data rate
Transceiver achieved=54*4=216Mbps at
System using Fs=1.8MHz,Ts=54MHz.
16 QAM

.
[2] B.Gondhale Realization For SLM system, the PAPR probability is constant PAPR can be reduce below 5dB
kar, R. of 8x8 up to 9dB and decreases abruptly later on. A using other mapping technique to
Bansode, MIMO- difference of PAPR reduction levels in two achieve data rate above 90Mbps
G.Karande, OFDM techniques is achieved. PAPR Probability without using 16-QAM at the code rate of 1/3
D.Patil, design SLM decreases from 0.942 to 0.427 and PAPR using spatial multiplexing & BER
September system using Probability with SLM decreases from 0.842 to 0. can be achieved upto 10^-7.
2014 FPGA veritex PAPR reduction using SLM technique is achieved a
5 5dB reduction in comparison to the model using non
SLM technique, data rate of 90 Mbps is achieved
using QPSK at the code rate of using Spatial
Multiplexing & BER achieved up to 10^-6.

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 Literature Survey

Ref. Author Paper title Performance/ Results Remark /

No. (Year) Gaps Found
[3] R.K. Gupta, Bit error rate Viterbi algorithm improves the accuracy compare to The performance of MIMO OFDM
A.Jain simulation simple OFDM by: 10 ^-1 at 0dB SNR for simple with 16-QAM using viterbi algorithm
P.Singodiy using 16 OFDM and 10^-3 at 0dB SNR for proposed method can be can be improved using more
QAM (Convolution OFDM).The proposed method used the number of subcarrier(>>58) and FFT
technique in number of subcarrier=58,FFT Size=256 size can be increase to 512 to
matlab....... improve the BER performance
.................... above the
10^-3.

[4] Neethu M. Bit Error From figure 2,at BER=10^-2,SNR=13dB with Very high mobility can achieves
S., R. Rate classical OFDM but with OFDM-index modulation, better BER(more than10^1.3) at 3dB
Sarankumar Reduction at BER=10^-2,SNR=24dB,so SNR is improved here. SNR compared to zero
Using From figure 4 ,plotted for the BER Vs. SNR, In mobility case.
Orthogonal Very high mobility case at 3 dB SNR, the bit error
Frequency rate (BER) is 10^1.3. Very high mobility achieves
Division better BER compared to zero
Multiplexing mobility case.
with Index
Modulation

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 Literature Survey

Ref. Author Paper title Performance/ Results Remark /

No. (Year) Gaps Found
[5] S. Kumar , Performance Here for both cases (Rayleigh & Rician) the A generic model(like nakagami
P. K. Analysis of threshold is set to set to 2.3 volt .In Rayleigh fading, model) is to be developed for fading
Gupta , Rayleigh and as the speed of the user is increased from 0 m/s to 50 in mobile communication (vehicular
G. Singh , Rician m/s, amount of fading is increased in the signal applications) system, in which less
D. S. Fading envelop. As the speed is increased , more of the fading variation can be obtained
Chauhan Channel signal goes below the threshold. when the mobile velocity is increased
Models using In rician fading ,as the speed of the user is increased (i.e. from
Matlab from 0 m/s to 50 m/s, the amount of the fading is from 0 m/s to 50 m/s)
Simulation increased in the signal envelop. In both cases
(Rayleigh and Rician fading model) .the outage
probability in the Rician fading channel is lower than
that of the Rayleigh fading channel, which is due to
the presence of line-of-sight path in the Rician
channel., the outage probability increases with the
increase of the velocity of the moving object.
[6] Ertugrul Orthogonal At a BER value of 10^-5 with (N=4,k=2) MIMO- The data rates can be increased &
Basar, Frequency OFDM-IM the, Eb/No=39dB,while Eb/No=45dB for the BER can be increased up to 10^-6
Umit Division classical OFDM.so MIMO-OFDM-IM shows 6dB & more than 7dB improvement is
Aygolu, Multiplexing BER improvement compare to classical OFDM achieved using MIMO-OFDM with
Erdal with Despite increase data rate n=8,32 & k=4,16,the BER index modulation.
Panayrc y Index improves for MIMO-OFDM-IM.
and H. Modulation System exhibits improved BER for high SNR values
Vincent at decrease in spectral efficiency.
Poorz,2012 ..

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 Literature Survey

Ref. Author Paper Performance/ Results Remark /

No. (Year) title Gaps Found

[7] Ertugrul Multiple- With classical MIMO-OFDM(N=4,K=2) with Using MIMO-OFDM-IM(N=6,K=4)

Basar,21 Input BPSK(M=2)8x8 system using MMSE detector, at with 16-QAM(M=3)16x16 system,
october Multiple- BER=10^-5,spec. eff.=7.76 bits/s/Hz, BER can be improved above 10^-5
2015 Output ,SNR=30dB,whereas for MIMO-OFD-IM,spec. (beyond 10dB)
OFDM with eff.=7.76 bits/s/Hz,SNR=20dB using same The following points has to be solved
Index configuration. i) performance analysis.
Modulation With MIMO-OFDM-IM BER is improved by 10 dB ii) Selection of optimum N and K
.................... than classical MIMO-OFDM. values.iii) diversity techniques for
.................... With classical MIMO-OFDM(N=4,K=3) with MIMO-OFDM-IM.
. QPSK(M=4),8x8 system using MMSE detector, at iv) implementation scenario for high
BER=10^-5,spec. eff.=15.52 bits/s/Hz, mobility.
,SNR=35dB,whereas for MIMO-OFD-IM,spec.
eff.=15.52 bits/s/Hz,,SNR=30dB using same
configuration.
Still with MIMO-OFDM-IM 8x8 system BER is
improved by 10 dB than classical MIMO-OFDM.
[8] Youngw A Tight At BER=10^-4,SNR=27dB for (N-Sub carrier,(n- The accuracy can be improved
ook Ko, Upper Symbols)=(4,32),MCIK-OFDM-BPSK further by making Average BER
Oct. Bound on system,SNR=29.5dB for MCIK-OFDM-4QAM- lower than 10^-3(or SNR< 27dB)
2014 Bit Error system,while for (N,n)=(2,64),MCIK-OFDM-BPSK using the higher order (16-QAM)
Rate of ,SNR=30dB,and 35dB for (N,n)=(2,64),MCIK- technique and SIM(subcarrier index
modulation).
Joint OFDM-4QAM.obtained lowest SNR=27dB for
OFDM and (N,n)=(4,32),MCIK-OFDM-BPSK system.Avg BER
Multi- decreases from the 3dB to within 1dB as SNR
Carrier increases. The accuracy improves further when Avg
Index Presentation
BER lower on MIMO-OFDM
than the 10^-3 & N(or n)with Index (n
decreases
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Keying Modulation OFDM gets
increases).For small N,inituitily,the
 Literature Survey

Ref. Author Paper Performance/ Results Remark /

No. (Year) title Gaps Found

[9] Yue Xiao, OFDM For QPSK(4,2),AED-OFDM-IM=1.3291 ,AED-OFDM- Using 16-QAM with OFDM-ISIM
Shunshun With ISIM=1.3717,MED-OFDM-IM=0.0828, technique, the AED(average
Wang, Lilin Interleaved AED-OFDM-ISIM=0.0849.Using OFDM-ISIM Euclidian distance) &
Dan, Xia Lei, Subcarrier- QPSK(4,3) ,the BER=21dB & OFDM-IM MED(minimum Euclidian distance)
Ping Yang, Index QPSK(4,3),the BER=25dB.so the difference is 4dB in can be reduced beyond 1.37017 &
and Wei Modulatio performance. 0.0849 respectively. Which causes,
Xiang,August n decrease BER below 21dB. The
,2014 ISIM with 16-QAM can be used
find difference is BER performance
above 4dB.
[10] Dobroslav Enhanced At L(subcarrier Indices)=2,La=1,BER=10^-5 OFDM Thus Eb/no(1/dB) can be more
tsonev, sinan Subcarrier 256 QAM,the Eb/No(1/dB)=23.5 & SIM-OFDM-256 reduced beyond 23.5db using
sinanovic and Index QAM, the Eb/No1/dB)=23,so diff=0.5 is improved. higher level 512- QAM
harald Modulatio
haas,2011 n (SIM)

..

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 Literature Survey

Ref. Author Paper Performance/ Results Remark /

No. (Year) title Gaps Found

[11] Wenfang Li, Generaliz Enhanced ED curves shows, about 3dB gain is obtained The BER performance can be made
Hui Zhao, ed when BER=0.1%,& 1dB gain between enhanced LLR better using lower value of n &k.
Chengcheng Selecting and LLR respectively. When the group size(n=8,k=5), The BER and Eb/No can be reduced
Zhang, Sub- BER=0.1%,3dB gain between the enhanced ED & ED, further below the 17.5.
Long Zhao, carrier 1.5dB gain between the enhanced LLR and LLR. The BER & SNR can analysed
At BER=10^-2 the ED using the rician fading channels.
Renyuan Modulatio
Enhanced(Eb/No)=20.5db,ED(Eb/No)=22.5dB,
Wang,2014 n Eb/No(LLR)=20.5 & Eb/No(enhances LLR)=17.5 &
Scheme in so concluding that BER performs worse when the when
OFDM n increases.
System
[12] Miaowen Optimizing For L(subcarrier indices)=4,m=1 and QPSK,upto 3dB The energy efficiency can be
Wen, Xiang the Energy gain is found when comparing interleaved grouping increased beyond 4dB using other
Cheng, and Efficiency with localized grouping. forms of Interleaving technique &
Liuqing of OFDM For OFDM-IM at spect.eff.=1.9/1.5(bps/Hz),the with reduce no of active subcarrier
Yang,2014 with Eb/No=13/7dB,& Eb/No=12/7.5dB for Interleaved i.e.(m).
Index grouping & Localized grouping.
Modulatio For L(subcarrier indices)=8, 8 PSK,the Eb/No=4dB
n For OFDM-IM at spect.eff.=1.7/1.2(bps/Hz),the
.................. Eb/No=4dB,Interleaved grouping & Localized grouping
................ respectively. The performance of OFDM-IM with
L(Subcarrier Indices)=4,QPSK is detoriated when
number of active subcarrier (i.e) m1.

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 Literature Survey

Ref. Author Paper Performance/ Results Remark /

No. (Year) title Gaps Found

[13] Qianli Ma, Subcarrier The proposed OSA & SSA algorithm provide 3dB The SA algorithm outperformed
Yue Xiao, Allocation Eb/No gain over OFDM-ISIM and 6dB Eb/No gain compared with the OFDM-ISIM
Lilin Dan, for OFDM over OFDM-ASIM at BER=10^-2.comparing the BER &OFDM-ASIM by improving the
Ping Yang, with Index performance of SSA, for OFDM-ASIM & OFDM-ISIM ED(Euclidian distance).The ED can
Lan Peng, Modulatio with G(4,3),the SSA exhibits 1.2dB Eb/No gain be more improved using the
and Shaoqian n compared with OFDM-ISIM & 5dB Eb/No gain integration of MIMO-aided OFDM
Li,2016 .................. compared with OFDM-ASIM when BPSK is employed. IM and coordinate interleaving
.................. based OFDM-IM techniques.
.. With QPSK,when L(modulation order) is increased .
from 2 to 4 the adv. Of SSA algorithm. Is reduce by
1dB.complexity graph of OSA & SSA algorithm, at
N=32,the OSA complexity=2x10^17 ,32 for the SSA
Algorithm.
[14] N. Ishikawa, Subcarrier- At BER=10^-3,OFDM,8-PSK,SNR=32dB At BER=10^-3,the SNR can be
S. Sugiura Index SIM(8,7).8-PSK,SNR=30.5dB reduced below 25dB for high order
& L. Modulatio SIM(16,13).8-PSK,SNR=30dB Subcarrier index modulation. And
Hanzo,April n Aided SIM(16,7),32-PSK,SNR=36dB,at rate of 3.0 bits/s/Hz BER can be reduced below
2016 OFDM ,N=2048 subcarrier, and CP length=64. 10^-3(i.e 10^-4)
Will It
Work? At BER=10^-3,OFDM,4-QAM,SNR=28dB
SIM(4,3).4-QAM,SNR=26dB
SIM(16,10).4-QAM,SNR=25dB
SIM(4,1),64-QAM,SNR=30dB,at rate of 2.0 bits/s/Hz
,N=2048 subcarrier, and CP length=64.

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 Summary of Literature Survey

To build a prototype of Next generation wireless WANs with MIMO-OFDM index modulation system
encoded at rate using set of Viterbi algorithms with 64 size FFT and techniques to analyze the BER
performance and replicate it as a practical implementation through simulations.

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 Scope of the Project

Coupling MIMO and OFDM with interleaved subcarrier index modulation concepts to improve data
rates(100Mbps to 1Gbps) in downlink of wireless communication networks to send any type of data at
higher speed and high level of security making modification in MIMO-OFDM with index modulation.

Analyzing the BER performance and building a prototype of Wireless WANS using MIMO-OFDM with
interleaved subcarrier modulation.

Using Subcarrier allocation-SSA algorithms for Subcarrier Allocation for OFDM with Index modulation to
achieve lowest BER and higher data rate.

MIMO OFDM based system with interleaved subcarrier index modulation is employed for the Wireless
networks to send information, to download data & vidoes,can actively work with any application at high
speed.

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 Problem Definition

Phase 1: Design a prototype high level Matlab Simulink 8 x 8 spatially multiplexed

MIMO OFDM transceiver encoded at rate using 1024 size FFT,for BER=10^-5 is
designed and implemented

Phase 2: Design MIMO-OFDM with interleaved subcarrier index modulation to simulate to achieve
BER=10^-6 for data rates (100 Mbps to 1 G bps).

Phase 3:To analyze MIMO-OFDM system with interleaved subcarrier index modulation o achieve
BER=10^-7 for the data rate(100Mbps to 1Gbps) based on the parameters with the existing system and
find out the gaps.

Phase 4:To test the system MIMO-OFDM system with interleaved subcarrier index modulation for
new parameters definitions.

Phase 5:Simulate the tested MIMO-OFDM system using interleaved subcarrier modulation using
Matlab R2015.

Phase 6:To Execute the MIMO-OFDM system using interleaved subcarrier modulation for obtaining
the required data rate(100Mbps-1Gbps).

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 Motivation for Project

MIMO OFDM Systems with subcarrier index modulation are capable of getting data rate closer to the
1Gbps landmark.

The increasing demands for,

High data rates
Better quality of service
Fully mobile and connected

New solution beyond LTE-A is required.

4G based MIMO OFDM index modulation system will achieve 10 times higher
Spectral efficiency
Energy efficiency

Developing efficient network protocols for a MIMO PHY layer is an area of open research.
Drametic changes in the design of different layers of 4G communication systems are invitable.

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 Technologies needed

STTD (space time transmit diversity)

SM (spatial multiplexing)

AMC (adaptive modulation & coding) with modulation techniques such as QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
H-ARQ (Hybrid automatic repeat request)

Shared access and MAC (medium access control) used for scheduling packet access with Qos

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 Comparison of technologies

Modulation Turbo coding rate Peak throughput

QPSK STTD Mode SM Mode

1/2 3.9 7.9

2/3 5.3 10.7

4/5 6.4 12.7

16-QAM 1/2 7.8 15.6

2/3 10.3 20.6

4/5 12.2 24.4

64-QAM 2/3 15.1 30.2

4/5 18.4 36.9

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 Conclusion

IM is an upcoming concepts for spectral and energy efficient next generation wireless communication
systems to be employed in 4G system.

Spatial modulation and MIMO-IM systems are two popular applications of the IM concepts.

IM techniques can provide interesting trade-offs among error performance, complexity and spectral
efficiency.
We conclude that IM scheme can be considered as possible candidates for spectral and energy efficient 5G
wireless networks.
However there are still interesting as well as challenging research problems need to be solved in order to
further improve the efficiency of IM schemes.

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 References

[1] E.Baar,Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation, International Global
Communications Conference (GLOBECOM),ISSN :1930-529X ,pp.4741-4746,dec. 2012.

[2] E. Baar, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output OFDM with Index Modulation,International IEEE Signal
Processing Letters,ISSN:1070-9908,vol.22,no12,pp. 2259 - 2263 ,Oct. 2015.

[3] M.Wen, X.Cheng, & L. Yang ,Optimizing the Energy Efficiency of OFDM
with Index Modulation,International IEEE Conference on Communication
Systems (ICCS), ISSN:978-1-4799-5832-0,pp.31-35,Nov.2014.

[4] D.Tsonev, S.Sinanovic & H.Haas, Enhanced Subcarrier Index Modulation (SIM)
OFDM,International 2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops,ISSN:2166-
0077,pp.728-732,Dec. 2011.

[5] Y.Xiao,S.Wang,L.Dan,X. Lei,P:.Yang,& W. Xiang, OFDM With Interleaved

Subcarrier-Index Modulation, International IEEE Communications
Letters,ISSN:1089-7798 ,vol.18,no.18,pp. 1447 - 1450 ,Aug. 2014.
[6] Q.Ma,Y.Xiao,L.Dan,P.Yang,L.Peng,& S. Li, Subcarrier Allocation for OFDM with
Index,International IEEE Communications Letters,ISSN:1089-7798, vol.20,no.7
,pp. 1469 1472, Jul.2016
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 Presentation on MIMO-OFDM with Index
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