Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

UNIT II
PHASE CONTROLLED
CONVERTERS
Phase-Control
Phase-Control Converters
Converters
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Three-Phase
Three-Phase
Semiconverter
Semiconverter Semiconverter
Semiconverter
Full
Full converter
converter Full
Full converter
converter
Dual
Dual converter
converter Dual
Dual converter
converter
EE2301- POWERELECTRONICS
Semiconverter
Semiconverter
..is
..is aa one-quadrant
one-quadrant converter
converter and
and itit has
has one
one polarity
polarity
Full
Full converter
converter
..is
..is aa two-quadrant
two-quadrant converter
converter and
and the
the polarity
polarity of
of its
its
output
output can
can be
be either
either positive
positive or
or negative.
negative.
However
However
the
the output
output current
current of
of full
full converter
converter has
has
one
one polarity
polarity only
only
Dual
Dual converter
converter
..can
..can operate
operate in
in four
four quadrants
quadrants ;; both
both the
the output
output
voltage
voltage and
and current
current can be
be either
either positive
positive or
canPOWERELECTRONICS
EE2301- or negative
negative
Average
Average Output
Output Voltage
Voltage

11 VVmm
VVdcdc   sin
VVmm sin td 
td tt  11 cos
cos
22  22
Maximum
Maximum VVmm
VVdm 
dm 
Output
Output Voltage
Voltage 
VVdcdc
Normalizing
Normalizing VVnn   00..5511 cos
cos
Output
Output Voltage
Voltage VVdm
dm
RMS
RMS Output
Output Voltage
Voltage

11 VVmm 11  sin
sin 22
 
  sin  td tt   
 
22 22
VVrms
rms 
VVmm sin td 
22  22  
EE2301- POWERELECTRONICS 22 
If
If the
the converter
converter hashas aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load
load of
of R
R and
and tt
he
he delay
delay angle
angle isis ,,    / 2 determine
determine
(a)
(a) the
the rectification
rectification efficiency
efficiency
(b)
(b) the
the form
form factor
factor FFFF
(c)
(c) the
the ripple
ripple factor
factor RF
RF
and
and (d)
(d) the
the peak
peak inverse
inverse voltage
voltage PIV
PIV ofof thyristor
thyristor TT11

11 VVmm   
VVmm sin td 
td tt  11 cos
cos 
22  22  22 
22
VVdcdc  00..1592
1592VVmm
  
 22 
VVmm 11  2
2   00..3536
rms 
VVrms     sin
sin 3536VVmm
22   22 22 
 
 
 
VV 22
dc

 1592VVmm 
00..1592
22
 20.27%
22  20.27%
dc
VV 22
rms
rms
 00..3536
3536VVmm 
If
If the
the converter
converter hashas aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load
load of
of R
R and
and tt
he
he delay
delay angle
determine
(a)
(a) the
the rectification
efficiency
(b)
(b) the
the form
form factor
factor FFFF
(c)
(c) the
the ripple
ripple factor
factor RF
RF
and
and (d)
(d) the
the peak
peak inverse
inverse voltage
voltage PIV
PIV ofof thyristor
thyristor TT11
VVrms 00..3536
3536VVmm
FF 
FF rms   22..221
221
V
Vdcdc 00..1592
1592VVmm
If
If the
the converter
converter has
has aa purely
purely resistive
resistive load
load of
of R
R and
and tt
he
he delay
delay angle
determine
(a)
(a) the
the rectification
efficiency
(b)
(b) the
the form
form factor
factor FF
FF
(c)
(c) the
the ripple
ripple factor
factor RF
RF
RF  FF
FF 11  22..221
221 11 11..983
22 22
RF 983
and
and (d)
(d) the
the peak
peak inverse
inverse voltage
voltage PIV
PIV of
of thyristor
thyristor TT11
PIV VVmm
PIV
Semiconverter
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Semiconverter
Semiconverter

22 VVmm
VVmm sin td 
td tt  11 cos
cos
22  

22
  sin  td 
tt
22 22
rms 
VVrms VVmm sin td
22 
Single-Phase
Semiconverter (RL-load) (RL-load)
Mode 11 L di
Mode diLL11
 Ri
L Ri LL11 
 EE  00
0  t   dt
dt
R

EE 
 R  
RR

IILL11  iiLL11 
tt   IILL00ee

 11ee 
LL LL
RR  
Mode
Mode 22
  t   11  L
ZZ  RR     L
22 22
L   tan
L tan
di R
R
di  Ri sin
RiLL22  EE  22VVSS sin
LL22
LL tt
dt
dt
EE   RR 
22VVSS EE 22VVSS  LLtt
IILL22  sin
sin tt     IILL11   sin  ee
sin
ZZ RR  RR ZZ 
Single-Phase
Semiconverter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
RMS
RMS Current
Current 1 
IR   iL22 d  t 
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor 2
RMS
RMS Current 1 
for
Current
for Thyristor
Thyristor
IA 
2  i d t 
L2
RMS
RMS Output
Output I  1  1 
 i d  t  
2
 i d t 
2
Current
Current rms
2 0
L1
2
L2
AVG Output I  1  i d  t   1
AVG Output 
Current
Current
dc  1
2POWERELECTRONICS 2
EE2301- 0  i d t 
2
The
The single-phase
single-phase semiconverter
semiconverter has has anan RL
RL load load of
of
LL == 6.5mH,
6.5mH, R R == 2.5
2.5 Ohm,
Ohm, and and EE == 1010 V.
V. The
The input
input vv
oltage
oltage is
is V
VSS == 120120 V(rms)
V(rms) at at 60
60 Hz.Hz. Determine
Determine
(a)
(a) the
the load
load current
current IIL0 at
at t ,, and
0 the
and the load
load curren
curren
L0
tt IIL1 at t    60 , 
L1 at ,
(b)
(b) the
the average
average thyristor
thyristor current
current IIAA
(c)
(c) the
the rms rms thyristor
thyristor current
current IIRR
(d)
(d) the
the rms rms output
output current
current IIrms
rms
and
and (e)
(e) the average
theEE2301-
average output
output current
current IIdcdc
POWERELECTRONICS
Rectification
Mode
Inversion
Mode
Single-Phase
Full Converter EE2301- POWERELECTRONICS
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter
22  22VVmm
VVdcdc   VVmm sin
sin ttdd 
 tt  cos
cos 
22  
22  22 22 VVmm
VVrms
rms 
  VVmm sin
sin 
 ttdd  tt 
22  22
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
11 
 LL
Mode 1 = Mode 2 ZZ  RR   
LL
22
Mode 1 = Mode 2   tantan
22
RR
22VVSS EE  EE 22VVSS  RR 
 LLtt
IILL  sin
sin tt     IILL00   sin  ee
sin
ZZ RR  RR ZZ 
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Full
Full Converter
Converter (RL-load)
(RL-load)
RMS
RMS Current
Current 1  
IR   iL2 d  t 
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor 2
RMS
RMS Current 1  
Current IA   i L d  t 
for
for Thyristor
Thyristor 2
RMS
RMS Output
Output I rms  I R2  I R2  2 I R
Current
Current
AVG
AVG Output
Output I dc  I A  I A  2 I A
Current
Current EE2301- POWERELECTRONICS
Dual
Converter
Single-Phase
Single-Phase Dual
Dual Converter
Converter
22VVmm
VVdcdc11  cos
cos 11

22VVmm
VVdcdc22  cos
cos 22

VVdcdc11  VVdcdc22
High-Power
High-Power Variable-Speed
Variable-Speed Drives
Drives
Three-Phase
Semiconverter
3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.
• They provide higher dc output voltage.
• Higher dc output power.
• Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
• Filtering requirements are simplified for
smoothing out load voltage and load
current.
• Extensively used in high power variable
speed industrial dc drives.
• Three single phase half-wave converters
can be connected together to form a three
phase half-wave converter.
3-Phase
Half Wave Converter
(3-Pulse Converter)
with
RL Load
Continuous & Constant
Load Current Operation
Vector Diagram of
3 Phase Supply Voltages
V CN
0
120
0 v
V A N RN  v AN
120
120
0 vYN  vBN
vBN  vCN
V BN
3 Phase Supply Voltage
Equations
We deifine three line to neutral voltages
(3 phase voltages) as follows
vRN  van  Vm sin  t ;
Vm  Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t  
 3 
 Vm sin   t  1200 
 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t  
 3 
 Vm sin   t  120 
0
 Vm sin   t  240 
0
van vbn vcn van
Each thyristor conducts for 2/3 (1200)
Constant Load
Current
io=Ia
Ia
Ia
To Derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage of a
3-Phase Half Wave Converter
with RL Load
for Continuous Load Current
 
T1 is triggered at  t        300   
6 
 5 
 6 
 7 
0
 6 
0 2
Each thytistor conducts for 120 or radians
3
5
 6
 
3Vm  
Vdc    sin  t.d   t  
2 
 6  
 5
6
 
3Vm  
Vdc    cos  t  
2
 
6
 

3Vm   5   
Vdc    cos      cos     
2   6  6 
Note from the trigonometric relationship
cos  A  B    cos A.cos B  sin A.sin B 
  5   5  
  cos  6  cos     sin   sin    
3Vm     6
Vdc  
2      
  cos   .cos     sin   sin    
 6 6 
3Vm 

 cos  150 0
 cos  
  sin  150 0
 sin    

Vdc 
2 
  cos  30 0
 .cos     sin  30 0
 sin    

3Vm 

 cos  180 0
 30 0
 cos     sin  180 0
 30 0
 sin    

Vdc 
2 
  cos  30 0
 .cos     sin  30 0
 sin    

Note: cos  1800  300    cos  300 
sin  1800  300   sin  30 0 
3Vm 

 cos  30 0
 cos     sin  30 0
 sin    

Vdc 
2 
  cos  30 0
 .cos     sin  30 0
 s in    

3Vm
Vdc   2 cos  300  cos    
2  
3Vm  3 
Vdc  2  cos    
2  2 
3Vm 3 3Vm
Vdc   3 cos      cos   
2   2
3VLm
Vdc  cos   
2
Where VLm  3Vm  Max. line to line supply voltage
The maximum average or dc output voltage is
obtained at a delay angle   0 and is given by
3 3 Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 
2
Where Vm is the peak phase voltage.
And the normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vdcn  Vn   cos 
Vdm
The rms value of output voltage is found by
using the equation
1
 5
6
  2
 3 
VO RMS    Vm sin  t.d   t  
2 2
2
 
6
 
and we obtain
1
1 3  2
VO RMS   3Vm   cos 2 
 6 8 
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For RL
Load
at
Different Trigger Angles
 V an V bn V cn

V 0
=30
0
=300
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
 V V V
an bn cn

V 0 =60
0
=600
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
 V V
bn cn
V an
 =900
V 0
0
=90
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier With
R Load
and
RL Load with FWD
T 1 T 1
a a
T 2 T 2
b b +
T 3 T 3
c c
R R V 0
V 0
L
n n 
3 Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier Output
Voltage Waveforms For R Load
or RL Load with FWD
at
Different Trigger Angles
V an
V bn V cn
=0
V s
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
=0
t
0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
 V an
V bn V cn
=15 =150
0
V 0 t
0 30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0
390
0
420
0
 V an
V bn V cn
= 3 0 0
0
=300
V 0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0
390
0
420
0 t
 V an
V bn V cn
= 6 0
0
V
=600
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
To Derive An
Expression For The Average Or
Dc Output Voltage Of A
3 Phase Half Wave Converter
With Resistive Load
Or
RL Load With FWD
 
0
6 
T1 conducts from  300    to 1800 ;
vO  van  Vm sin  t
 5 
 6 
0 0
vO  vbn  Vm sin   t  1200 
 7 
0
 6 
0 0
vO  vcn  Vm sin   t  240 0


 Vm sin   t  120 0

3  1800 
Vdc    vO .d   t  
2  300 
vO  van  Vm sin  t ; for  t     300  to  1800 
3  1800 
Vdc    Vm sin  t.d   t  
2  300 
3Vm  
0
180
Vdc    sin  t.d   t  
2  300 
3Vm  1800 
Vdc    cos  t 
2    300 

3Vm
Vdc 
2

  cos180 0
 cos    30 0
 

 cos180  1, we get
0
3Vm
Vdc 
2 
1  cos    30 0
 

Three Phase Semiconverters
• 3 Phase semiconverters are used in Industrial

dc drive applications upto 120kW power output.
• Single quadrant operation is possible.
• Power factor decreases as the delay angle
increases.
• Power factor is better than that of 3 phase half
wave converter.
3 Phase
Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi Converter)
with Highly Inductive Load &
Continuous Ripple free Load
Current
Wave forms of 3 Phase
Semiconverter for
 > 600
3 phase semiconverter output ripple frequency of
output voltage is 3 f S
The delay angle  can be varied from 0 to 

During the period
300   t  2100
 7
 t  , thyristor T1 is forward biased
6 6
 
If thyristor T1 is triggered at  t      ,
6 
T1 & D1 conduct together and the line to line voltage
vac appears across the load.
7
At  t  , vac becomes negative & FWD Dm conducts.
6
The load current continues to flow through FWD Dm ;
T1 and D1 are turned off.
If FWD Dm is not used the T1 would continue to
conduct until the thyristor T2 is triggered at
 5 
t      , and Free wheeling action would
 6 
be accomplished through T1 & D2 .

If the delay angle   , each thyristor conducts
3
2
for and the FWD Dm does not conduct.
3
We deifine three line neutral voltages
vRN  van  Vm sin  t ; Vm  Max. Phase Voltage
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t 


 m
3 
V sin   t  120 0

 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t 


 m
3 
V sin   t  120 0

 Vm sin   t  240 0

Vm is the peak phase voltage of a wye-connected source.
 
vRB  vac   van  vcn   3Vm sin   t  
 6
 5 
vYR  vba   vbn  van   3Vm sin   t  
 6 
 
vBY  vcb   vcn  vbn   3Vm sin   t  
 2
 
vRY  vab   van  vbn   3Vm sin   t  
 6
Wave forms of 3 Phase
Semiconverter for
  600
To derive an
Expression for the
Average Output Voltage
of 3 Phase Semiconverter
for  >  / 3
and Discontinuous Output Voltage

For   and discontinuous output voltage:
3
the Average output voltage is found from
7

3  6 
Vdc   v .d   t  
2 
ac

 6 
7
 6
 
3  
Vdc   3 V sin   t   d   t  
2 
m
 6 
 6 
3 3Vm
Vdc   1  cos  
2
3VmL
Vdc   1  cos  
2
VmL  3Vm  Max. value of line-to-line supply voltage
The maximum average output voltage that occurs at
a delay angle of   0 is
3 3Vm
Vdc max   Vdm 

The normalized average output voltage is
Vdc
Vn   0.5  1  cos  
Vdm
The rms output voltage is found from
1
7
 3 6  2
VO rms    v 2
.d   t  
 2
ac
 
 6  
Six-pulse Diode Rectifier
• Resistive Load
id
D1 D3 D5
va
a ia
vb
b ib
vd Rd
vc
c ic
D4 D6 D2
Supply Voltages:
va  2 VPH sin(t )
vb  2 VPH sin(t  2 / 3)
vc  2 VPH sin(t  4 / 3)
vab  va  vb  2 VLL sin(t   / 6)
• Waveforms
v va vb vc va
0 t
 2
vd vd
v ab vac vbc vba vca vcb vab
A1 V do
0 t
 
6 2
ia
0 t
I II  2
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON ON
area A1 1  /2 3 2
Vdo    / 6 2 VLL sin  t   / 6  d (t )  VLL  1.35VLL
 /3  /3 
• Capacitive Load
id
D1 D3 D5
va
Ls a ia
vb
Ls b ib Cd R
 Vd Vd
vc
Ls c ic
D4 D6 D2
(a) (b)
Assumption:
C d    Vd  constant
• Waveforms
v vab vac vbc vba v ca vcb vab vac
Vd
0 t
 2
ia
0 t
ib
0 t
ic
0 t
id
0 t
 2
D1 , D6 D1 , D2
ON ON
• Discontinuous Current Operation
v vab vac
Vd
0 t
 /3  /3 
id
Ip
0 t
1  2  3  4 5
 Vd 
1  sin 1  
 2 VLL 
 2    1
id
v vab vac
D1 D3 D5
va
Ls a i a
Vd
vb
Ls b ib
Vd 0 t
 /3  /3 
vc id
Ls c ic
Ip
0 t
D4 D6 D2 1  2  3  4 5
d id
Differential Equation: 2 Ls  vab  Vd  1  t   3
dt
  2VLL sin   t   Vd  d   t 
1 
Solution: id   
2 Ls 1

1
 2 VLL  cos1  cos   Vd 1    
2 Ls
v vab vac
Vd
0 t
 /3  /3 
id
Ip
0 t
1  2  3  4 5
Peak dc current: Ip 
1
 2VLL  cos1  cos 2   Vd 1   2  
2 Ls
1 3
Average dc current: I d   id   d  
 /3 1
Vd cos 1  cos 3
Voltage – theta relation: 
2 VLL 1   3
• Continuous Current Operation
id i
ia ib ic
Ip
D1 D3 D5
va t
Ls a ia
 2
ib ic ia
vb 
Ls b ib
Vd id c
vc
Ls c ic Ip
I II III
t
D1
On-state
D4 D6 D2 Diode
D 1 , D2 D2 D2 , D3
D3
Note:
- With the increase of the load current, the rectifier will
enter into continuous current operation.
- During commutation interval, three diodes are on.
• Definition of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Phase voltage (pure sine): va  2 Va sin 1t

Line current (distorted): ia  
n 1, 2 , 3,...
2 I an  sin ( nt )   n 
1/ 2 1/ 2
 1  
2 
 ia  2 d ( t ) 
2
RMS line current: Ia       I an 
 2 0
  n1, 2,3,... 
Line current THD: I a2  I a21

THD 
I a1
• Definition of Power Factor (PF)
1 2
Per-phase average (real) power: P   va  ia d   t   Va I a1 cos1
2 0
Per-phase apparent power: S  Va I a

P Va I a1 cos1 I a1
Total power factor (PF): PF    cos1  DF  DPF
S Va I a Ia
Distortion factor (DF) : DF  I a1 / I a
Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF  cos 1
DPF
PF = f (THD) : PF 
1  THD 2
• Typical Waveforms / Harmonic Content
1.00
ia
0.50
ia1
0.282
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
(a) Ia1 = 0.2 pu
2.00
ia
1.00
ia1 1.41
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
0  2 3 4
(b) Ia1 = 1 pu
Harmonics THD
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
n (%)
Ian / Ia1 (%)
63.4 38.7 8.99 8.64 4.22 3.61 2.48 2.02 75.7
Ia1 0.2pu
Ian / Ia1 (%)
30.4 8.79 6.31 3.40 2.30 1.89 1.04 1.03 32.7
Ia1 1pu
• THD and PF
THD(%) PF
100 1.0
A: Ls = 0.05 C
80 B: Ls = 0.10 0.9
C: Ls = 0.15 B
60 0.8
A
A
A: Ls = 0.05
40
B
0.7 B: Ls = 0.10
C: Ls = 0.15
C
20 0.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a1(pu) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I a1(pu)
(a) THD (b) PF
Inductive load, quantitative analysis
Differential equation
d io
L  Ri o  2 U 1 sin  t 180
d t
140
io  t  0 (4 -5 )
S o lu tio n 100
°)
 /(
   t


2U tg 
io  1
 sin(  t   )  sin(    ) e   t  60
Z  
(4 -6 ) 20
C o n s id e r in g io = 0 w h e n ω t= α + θ
0 20 60 100 140 180
W e have   / (° )
sin(      )  sin(    ) e tg  (4 -7 ) 图4-3
The RMS value of output voltage, output current, and thyristor current can then be
calculated.
Three Phase Dual Converters
• For four quadrant operation in many industrial

variable speed dc drives , 3 phase dual
converters are used.
• Used for applications up to 2 mega watt output
power level.
• Dual converter consists of two 3 phase full
converters which are connected in parallel & in
opposite directions across a common load.
Outputs of Converters 1 & 2
• During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 + 1),

the line to line voltage vab appears across
the output of converter 1 and vbc appears
across the output of converter 2
 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin   t  120 
0
 3
 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin  t  120 
0
 3
 Vm sin   t  240 0

 2 
vYN  vbn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin  t  1200 
 3 
 2 
vBN  vcn  Vm sin   t    Vm sin  t  1200 
 3 
 Vm sin   t  2400 
To obtain an Expression for the Circulating
Current
If vO1 and vO2 are the output voltages of

converters 1 and 2 respectively, the
instantaneous voltage across the current
limiting inductor during the interval
(/6 + 1)  t  (/2 + 1) is given by
vr  vO1  vO 2  vab  vbc
     
vr  3Vm sin   t    sin  t   
  6  2 
 
vr  3Vm cos   t  
 6
The circulating current can be calculated by
using the equation
t
1
ir  t    vr .d   t 
 Lr 
1
6
t
1  
ir  t    3Vm cos   t   .d   t 
 Lr   6
1
6
3Vm    
ir  t   sin   t  6   sin 1 
 Lr    
3Vm
ir  max  
 Lr
Four Quadrant Operation
• There are two different modes of
operation.
 Circulating current free
(non circulating) mode of operation
 Circulating current mode of operation
Non Circulating
Current Mode Of Operation
• In this mode of operation only one converter is
switched on at a time
• When the converter 1 is switched on,
For 1 < 900 the converter 1 operates in the
Rectification mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is positive and hence the
average load power Pdc is positive.
• Power flows from ac source to the load
• When the converter 1 is on,
For 1 > 900 the converter 1 operates
in the Inversion mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is positive and the
average load power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load circuit to ac
source.
For 2 < 900 the converter 2 operates in
the Rectification mode
Vdc is negative, Idc is negative and the
average load power Pdc is positive.
• The output load voltage & load current
reverse when converter 2 is on.
• Power flows from ac source to the load
For 2 > 900 the converter 2 operates in the
Inversion mode
Vdc is positive, Idc is negative and the average
load power Pdc is negative.
• Power flows from load to the ac source.
• Energy is supplied from the load circuit to the ac
supply.
Circulating Current
Mode Of Operation
• Both the converters are switched on at the same
time.
• One converter operates in the rectification mode
while the other operates in the inversion mode.
• Trigger angles 1 & 2 are adjusted such that (1
+ 2) = 1800
When 1 < 900, converter 1 operates
as a controlled rectifier. 2 is made
greater than 900 and converter 2
operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is positive & Idc is positive and Pdc
is positive.
• When 2 < 900, converter 2 operates
as a controlled rectifier. 1 is made
greater than 900 and converter 1
operates as an Inverter.
• Vdc is negative & Idc is negative and
Pdc is positive.

Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

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Unit Ii Phase Controlled Converters

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UNIT II

vO  vbn  Vm sin   t  1200 

vO  vcn  Vm sin   t  240 0

• 3 Phase semiconverters are used in Industrial

The delay angle  can be varied from 0 to 

Phase voltage (pure sine): va  2 Va sin 1t

Line current THD: I a2  I a21

Per-phase apparent power: S  Va I a

Displacement power factor (DPF) : DPF  cos 1

sin(      )  sin(    ) e tg  (4 -7 ) 图4-3

• For four quadrant operation in many industrial

• During the interval (/6 + 1) to (/2 + 1),

If vO1 and vO2 are the output voltages of

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