College Algebra

Exam 3 Material
 Ordered Pair
Consists of:
Two real numbers,
Listed in a specific order,
Separated by a comma,
Enclosed within parentheses
Examples of different ordered pairs:
(7, 2)
(2, 7) Note : Second ordered pair is different from first!
(3, -4)
 Coordinates of an Ordered Pair
The first number within an ordered pair is
called the x-coordinate
The second number within an ordered pair
is called the y-coordinate
Example, given the ordered pair (5, -2)
The x-coordinate is:
5
The y-coordinate is:
-2
Ordered Pairs & Interval Notation
(2, 7) can have two meanings:
It can be an ordered pair.
It can be interval notation and have the meaning of all
real numbers between 2 and 7, but not including 2
and 7.
Context will tell the difference, just like in the
meaning of certain words.
English Example, bow:
ribbon decoration on a package
an instrument for shooting an arrow
 Rectangular Coordinate System
Consists of:
Horizontal number line called x-axis
Vertical number line called y-axis
Intersecting at the zero points of each axis in a point ,
designated as the ordered pair (0, 0), and called the origin
y axis

x axis
Forms a rectangular grid that can be used to show ordered
pairs as points
Graphing Ordered Pair as a Point
y axis

2, 3

x axis

The x-coordinate gives horizontal directions from the origin

The y-coordinate gives vertical directions from the origin
When both directions have been followed, the point is located.
Example, graph: (-2, 3)
 Rectangular Coordinate System
Axes divide plane into four quadrants numbered
counterclockwise from upper right
The signs of the coordinates of a point are determined by its
quadrant

, II I
I :
II : ,
III : , III I IV
IV : ,
 Distance Formula
The distance between two points (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2) in a rectangular coordinate system is
given by the formula:
d x 2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2
Example: Distance between (2, -1) and (-3, 4)?
x1 = 2, y1 = -1, x2 = -3, y2 = 4
d - 3 2 2 4 - 1 2
d5 2
d 5 2 5 2
d 25 25 50 5 2
 Midpoint Formula
The midpoint of two points is a point exactly
half way between the two points
The formula for finding the coordinates of the
midpoint of two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is:
x1 x 2 y1 y 2
mp ,
2 2
Example: Midpoint of (2, -1) and (-3, 4)?
2 - 3 - 1 4
mp , 1 3
2 2 mp ,
2 2
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.1
Page: 192
Problems: All: 5 14

MyMathLab Assignment 35 for practice

 Ordered Pairs as Solutions to
Equations in Two Variables
An equation in two variables, x and y,
requires a pair of numbers, one for x and one
for y, to form a solution
Example: Given the equation:
2x + y = 5
One solution consists of the pair:
x = 2 and y = 1
If it is agreed that x will be listed first and y
second, this solution can be shown as the
ordered pair:
(2, 1)
Ordered Pairs as Solutions to
Equations in Two Variables
Given: 2x + y = 5
Complete the missing coordinate to form
ordered pair solutions:
3)
( 1, __
1)
( 3, __
0 5)
( __,
4 -3)
( __,
How many ordered pair solutions can be found?
An infinite number
 Graphs of
Equations in Two Variables
A graph of an equation in two variables is a
picture in a rectangular coordinate system of all
solutions to the equation
A graph can be constructed by point plotting,
finding enough (x, y) pairs to establish a pattern
of points and then connecting the points with a
smooth curve
If the pattern indicates that the curve should
extend beyond the graph grid, an arrow is
placed on the curve where it exits the grid
 Graph: 2x + y = 5
Find (x, y) pairs by picking a number for x and
solving for y, or vice versa
Show solutions as (x, y) pairs
Plot each point
When pattern is seen
connect with smooth curve
with arrows at both ends
Solutions: 2, 1 1, 3 3, 1
0, 5 4, 3 Pattern is straight line
Graph: y x2
Find and plot solutions (using a T-chart helps):
x y
0 2
1 3
2 4 V shaped pattern
3 5
1 1
2 0
3 1
4 2
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.1
Page: 194
Problems: All: 33 44

MyMathLab Assignment 36 for practice

 Graphs vs. Form of Equation
Experience will teach us that the general
shape of a graph depends on the form of
the equation in two variables
Examples related to last section:
Equations of form: Ax + By = C will always
have a straight line graph
Equation of form: y = |mx + b| will always
have a V-shaped graph
Center Radius Equation of Circle
Equation of the form:
x h 2
y k r2
2

Will always have a graph that is a circle with

center: h, k

and radius: r
 Center Radius Equation
Considering:
x h 2 y k 2 r 2
What would be the equation of a circle with
center (-1, 2) and radius 3?
x 1 2 y 2 2 32
x 1 2 y 2 2 9
 Center Radius Equation
Given each of the following center radius
equations, find the center and the radius:
x 5 2 y 1 2 16
Center : 5, 1
Radius : 4
x 7 2 y 3 2 1
Center : 7, 3
Radius : 1
x 2 2 y 4 2 7
Center : 2, 4
Radius : 7
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.1
Page: 194
Problems: All: 45 52

MyMathLab Assignment 37 for practice

 General Equation of a Circle
x 2 y 2 cx dy e 0 , where c, d , and e are real numbers
The equation will represent a real circle, if, when
put in center-radius form, r 2 0
Example:
x2 y 2 2x 6 y 7 0

Dont know yet, if it is a real circle, until written:

x h 2
y k r2
2
Converting General Equation to
Center-Radius Equation
Complete the Square twice, once on x and
once on y (keep both sides balanced)
Example:
x2 y 2 2x 6 y 7 0
x2 2x y2 6 y 7
x2 2x 1 y2 6 y 9 7 1 9
x 1 2 y 3 2 17
The general equation is a real circle since:
r 2 17 0

Center and radius: 1,3 and r 17

 Homework Problems
Section: 2.1
Page: 195
Problems: All: 57 64
MyMathLab Assignment 38 for practice
MyMathLab Quiz 2.1 due for a grade on
the date of our next class meeting
 Relation
Relation any set of ordered pairs
Example: M = {(-3,2), (1,0), (4,-5)}
Domain of a Relation set of first
members (x coordinates)
Example: Domain M = {-3, 1, 4}
Range of a Relation set of all second
members (y coordinates)
Example: Range M = {2, 0, -5}
 Equations in Two Variables
Considered to be relations because solutions
form a set of ordered pairs
Example:
y x
There are an infinite number of ordered pair
solutions, but some are:
(0,0), (1,1), (2, 2 ), (3, 3 ), and (4,2)
 Domain of
Equations in Two Variables
Set of all xs for which y is a real number
May help to find domain by first solving for y
Example: 3 x y xy
3 x xy y
3x x 1 y
3x
y
x 1
Easy to see that x can be anything except -1:

Domain = ,1 1,
 Range of
Equations in Two Variables
Set of all ys for which x is a real number
May help to find range by first solving for x
Example: 3 x y xy
3 x xy y
x 3 y y
y
x
3 y
Easy to see that y can be anything except 3:
Range = ,3 3,
 Function
A special relation in which each x
coordinate is paired with exactly one y
coordinate
Example only one of these is a function:
R = {(2,1), (3,-5), (2,3)}
Not a Function
S = {(3,2), (1,2), (-5,3)}
FUNCTION
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.2
Page: 209
Problems: All: 5 15
MyMathLab Assignment 39 for practice
 Dependent & Independent
Variables in Functions
Since every x is paired with exactly one y,
we say that y depends on x

For a function defined by an equation in

two variables, x is the independent
variable and y is the dependent variable
 Functions Defined
by Equations in Two Variables
To determine if an equation in two variables is a
function, solve for y and consider whether one x
can give more than one y if not, it is a function
Example only one of these is a function:
y
2
1
x
y2
1
x

Solve each equation for y and analyze:

 Example Continued
y
2
1
x
y x2
One x gives one y FUNCTION !
y2
1
x
y2 x
y x
One x gives two y ' s Not a Function!
 Function Notation
Functions represented by equations in two
variables are traditionally solved for y because
doing so shows how y depends on x
Example each of these is a different function:
y 2x 1

y x 2 3x 1

y x 3
 Function Notation Continued
When working with functions it is also traditional
to replace y with the symbol f(x) or some
variation using a letter other than f. This gives
different functions different names:
Previous Example Written in Function Notation
f x 2x 1
g x x 2 3x 1
h x x 3
Function Notation Continued
Function notation f(x) is read as f of x and
means the value of y for the given x
Example:
If: f x 3x 1
Then: f 2 3 2 1 6 1 7
This means that for this f function, when x is -2,
y is -7
 Graphs of
Relations and Functions
Can be accomplished by point plotting
methods already discussed

The graph of a relation will be a function if,

and only if, every vertical line intersects
the graph in at most one point
(VERTICAL LINE TEST)
 Example of Vertical Line Test
Which graph represents a function?

Above: passes vertical line test Function

Below: fails vertical line test Not a Function
Practice Using Function Notation
Given the functions f, g and h defined as follows,
and remembering that f(2) means the value of y
in the f function when x is 2, find the value of
each function for the value of x shown:
If f x x 3
x 1 find f 2
f 2 2 2 1 8 2 1 7
3

If g = {(1,3),(-2,4),(2,5)} find g(-2)

g(-2) = 4
Practice Using Function Notation
Given the graph of y = h(x),

find h(-3)
h(-3) = 1
 Determining if Equation in Two
Variables is a Function
Solve the equation for y.

If one x gives exactly one y, it is a

function.

If it is a function, it may be written in

function notation by replacing y with f(x).
 Example
Determine if the following equation defines a
function, if so, write in function notation:
2 y 6 4x 0
2

2 y 4x 6
2

y 2x2 3

This is a function since one x gives one y

f x 2x 3
2
 Increasing, Decreasing and
Constant Functions
A function is increasing over some interval of its
domain if its graph goes up as x values go from
left to right within the interval

A function is decreasing over some interval of

its domain if its graph goes down as x values
go from left to right within the interval

A function is constant over some interval of its

domain if its graph is flat as x values go from
left to right within the interval
 Example
Show the interval of the domain where the given
function,

is increasing: [2,3]
is decreasing: (,2]
is constant: [3, )
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.2
Page: 210
Problems: Odd: 17 37, 41 63,
69 - 77
MyMathLab Assignment 40 for practice
MyMathLab Quiz 2.2 due for a grade on
the date of our next class meeting
 Linear Functions
Any function that can be written in the form:
f x mx b ( where m and b are real numbers)
Example: f(x) = 3x - 1

This is called the slope intercept form of a linear

function (reason for name explained later).

The graph of a linear function will always be a

non-vertical straight line
 Graphing Linear Functions
Find any two ordered pairs that are
solutions (chose two different xs and find
corresponding ys)

Plot the two points in a rectangular

coordinate system.

Draw a straight line connecting the two

points with arrows on both ends.
Graphing a Linear Function
Graph f(x) = 3x 1
Choose two values of x and calculate
corresponding y values:
f(0) = 3(0) 1 = -1 [ordered pair: (0,-1)]
f(2) = 3(2) 1 = 5 [ordered pair: (2, 5)]
 Linear Functions
With Horizontal Line Graphs
A linear function of the form:
f x mx b ( where m 0)
can be simplified to:
f x b Constant Function
This means y will always be the same (y = b)
no matter the value of x
The graph will be a horizontal line through all
the points that have a y value of b
 Example of Linear Function
With Horizontal Line Graph
Graph f(x) = -3
(Note: this function says no matter what value
x is, the y value will be -3.)

y 3
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.3
Page: 221
Problems: All: 7 18
MyMathLab Assignment 41 for practice
 Linear Relation
A first degree polynomial equation in two variables
Examples:
2 x 3 y 6 Standard Form of Linear Relation
x 8 4y
1
y x 3 Standard Form (Slope Intercept) of Linear Function
2
Standard form of a linear relation:
Ax By C
First example is in Standard Form (A=2, B=-3, C=6)
Rest can be put in standard form, if desired
Last example is in standard form of a linear function
Facts About Linear Relations
Every linear relation,
Ax By C
is a linear function, can (by solving for y) be
written in the form:
f x mx b
except when B = 0 (y term is missing)
 Example
Write the linear relation in the standard form of a
linear function:
2x 3y 4
3 y 2 x 4
2 4
y x
3 3
2 4
f x x
3 3
Facts About Linear Relations
If a linear relation,
Ax By C
has B = 0 (the y term is missing), the relation is
not a linear function, and its equation takes the
form:
Ax 0 y C or x n ( x a number)

This equation has as solutions all the ordered

pairs that have an x value of n (y can be any
number) and its graph will be a vertical line.
 Example of Linear Relation with
Vertical Line Graph
Consider the linear relation:
x4
It can be written in the form:
1x 0 y 4 x4

Two solutions are:

4,5 and 4,2
Fails vertical line test -
Not a linear function
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.3
Page: 221
Problems: All: 19 28
MyMathLab Assignment 42 for practice
 Slope of a Line
The slope, m, of a line is defined to be the ratio
of the amount of vertical movement (rise) to the
amount of horizontal movement (run) required to
get from one point to another
rise
slope, m
run
rise

run
- rise
Why would the slope of this line be described as negative? m
run
 Slope of a Line Formula
Given two points on a line, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2),
the slope, m, can be calculated from the
formula:
y2 y1 rise
m
x2 x1 run
For a horizontal line y1 = y2 , so the slope of a
horizontal line is always: ___0
For a vertical line x1 = x2 , so the slope of a
Undefined
horizontal line is always: _________
 Calculating Slope of a Line
Find two points on the line and substitute into
the formula
Example: Find the slope of: 2 x 3 y 6
If x = 0, then y = 2 , resulting point is : 0,2
If y = 0, then x = 3 , resulting point is : 3, 0
0 2 2
m
30 3
rise = 2, run = 3
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.3
Page: 222
Problems: All: 35 42
MyMathLab Assignment 43 for practice
Graphing a Line Given a Point and
a Slope

Given a point x1, y1 and a slope, m:
Plot the point x
1, y
1
From the point, rise and run, according to the

value of m, to plot a second point x2 , y 2
Connect the two points with a straight line with
arrows at both ends
Example: Graph line through
(-2, 1) with slope -2/3
Calculating Slope and y-intercept
by Solving for y
takes the form: y mx b or
When a linear relation in two variables is solved for y it
f x mx b
where m is the slope, and b is the y-intercept
In a previous example we used the slope formula to
calculate slope: Calculating Slope of a Line
A new approach is to find slope by solving for y:
2x 3y 6
3 y 2 x 6
2
What is m? 2
3 y x2
3
What is b? 2
Solving for " y" gives same value for slope as the formula
and gives the added benefit of revealing the " y - intercept"
 Graphing a Line in
Slope-Intercept Form
Write the equation in slope-intercept
form
Identify the y-intercept, b, and slope, m
Plot the y-intercept on the graph
From y-intercept, rise and run to
another point according to the ratio, m
Connect the points with a straight line
with arrows on each end
 Example of Graphing a Line
Written in Slope Intercept Form
2
Graph: y x 1
3
2
y intercept is: 1, slope is:
3
Plot y intercept
From there rise -2, run 3 and plot
Connect points with a line
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.3
Page: 222
Problems: All: 45 58
MyMathLab Assignment 44 for practice
MyMathLab Quiz 2.3 is due for a grade on
the date of our next class meeting
 Equations with Line Graphs
Ax By C Standard Form of Linear Relation

x n Special Case - Graph is a Vertical Line (Not a Function)

y n Special Case - Graph is a Horizontal Line (Constant Function)

y mx b (m 0) Slope Intercept Form of Linear Function

 Point-Slope Equation of a Line
Given a point (x1, y1) and a slope, m, the
equation of the line through that point with
that slope is:

y y1 = m(x x1)
 Using Point Slope Equation
Write the slope intercept equation of the line
through (5, -1) with slope, m = -4/3
y y1 m x x1
4
y 1 x 5
3
4 20
y 1 x
3 3
4 17
y x
3 3
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.4
Page: 236
Problems: All: 1 22
MyMathLab Assignment 45 for practice
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
Two lines are parallel if they have the same
slope, but different y-intercepts
Two lines are perpendicular if they have
slopes that are negative reciprocals
Examples of slopes that are negative
reciprocals:
2 3
1 1
3 2
1
5
5
 Application Problem Involving
Perpendicular Lines
Write the slope intercept equation of a line that
goes through the point (-1, 5) that is
perpendicular to the line: x + 2y = 4
First find slope of the line: x + 2y = 4 by solving
for y: y = (-1/2)x + 2
This line has slope, m = -1/2
The perpendicular slope, m = 2
Now use point-slope equation to write equation
of line through (-1, 5) with slope 2:
y 5 = 2(x + 1)
y = 2x + 7
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.4
Page: 237
Problems: All: 27 42
MyMathLab Assignment 46 for practice
MyMathLab Quiz 2.4 is due for a grade on
the date of our next class meeting
 Basic Function Graphs
The most basic functions include:
Identity function: f ( x) x
Squaring function: f ( x) x 2

Cubing function: f ( x) x 3

Square root function: f ( x) x

Cube root function: f ( x ) 3
x
Absolute value function: f ( x) x
Greatest integer function: f ( x) x
 Identify Function: f ( x) x

Note: This is the slope intercept form of

the linear function f(x) = mx + b, with
m = 1 and b = 0
x f x
0 0
1 1
 Squaring Function: f ( x) x 2

Note: This is a special case of the

quadratic function that will be discussed
later
x f x
2 4
1 1
0 0
1 1
2 4
Cubing Function: f ( x) x 3

x f x
2 8
1 1
0 0
1 1
2 8
 Square Root Function: f ( x) x

Note: This is the first of the basic

functions to have a restricted domain: [0, )

x f x
0 0
1 1
4 2
9 3
 Cube Root Function: f ( x) 3 x

Does this function have a restricted

domain like the last one? NO, ,

x f x
8 2
1 1
0 0
1 1
8 2
Absolute Value Function: f ( x) x

x f x
4 4
2 2
0 0
2 2
4 4
 Greatest Integer Function:
f ( x) x "Step Function"
Note: This function pairs every real number x
with the greatest integer less than or equal
to x
There is no restriction on the domain, but the
range will be the set of all integers
x f x x f x
5 5 1.3 2
4 .1 5 1 1 Include
4 4 0 .7 1 Don' t Include
3 .9 4 0 .1 1
3 .2 4 0 0
2 .7 3 0 .3 0
2 2 0 .9 0
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.5
Page: 249
Problems: All: 7 14, 16, 33 35
MyMathLab Assignment 47 for practice
 Continuity of Functions
A function is continuous over some
interval of its domain if, over that interval,
its graph can be drawn from one end to
the other, using a pencil, without lifting the
pencil from the paper
The points where a function is not
continuous are called points of
discontinuity
 Give domain and intervals of
domain where these are
continuous:
Domain : - ,
Continuous : - ,

Domain : - , Domain : [0, )

Continuous : - , Continuous : [0, )
 This function is continuous over only
short intervals of the domain. Give
domain and the points of discontinuity.

Domain : (-, )
Points of discontinuity : occur at every integer.
 Describe domain and the
intervals of the domain where
the function is continuous:
Domain : - 5, - 2 (-2, 1] (2, )

Continuous in these intervals : [-5, - 2) (-2, 1] (2, )

 Homework Problems
Section: 2.5
Page: 249
Problems: All: 1 6, 15
MyMathLab Assignment 48 for practice
 Piecewise Defined Functions
These are functions that are defined by
different rules for different intervals of their
domain x if x 2
f(x) 2
Example: x if x -2
To evaluate the function for specific values
of x, use the formula for the interval that
contains x
f 5 5 f 2 4 f 2 4
f 3 3 f 0 0
 Graphing
Piecewise Defined Functions
Plot enough points in each interval of the
domain to establish the pattern in each
interval Graph :
x if x 2
f(x)
x 2 if x -2
From the previous slide the following pairs were determined :

5,5 , 3,3 , 2,4 , 0,0 , 2,4

Domain : (-, )
Range : (,2) [0, )
Point of Discontinuity : x 2
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.5
Page: 250
Problems: Odd: 17 31
MyMathLab Assignment 49 for practice
MyMathLab Quiz 2.5 is due for a grade on
the date of our next class meeting
 Transformations of Graphs
Given a basic function graph, or any other,
specific changes in the definition of the function
lead to very similar graphs as follows:
Given the graph of y = f(x), and assuming that h
and v are positive, each of the following
alterations to the function modifies the original
graph as shown:
y = - f(x)
Reflects original graph over x axis
y = af(x)
Vertically stretches or squeezes original graph by a
factor of a
 Transformations of Graphs
y = f(x h)
Horizontally translates the graph h units to the
right
y = f(x + h)
Horizontally translates the graph h units to the
left
 Transformations of Graphs
y = f(x) v
Vertically translates the graph v units
downward
y = f(x) + v
Vertically translates the graph v units upward
 Transformations of Graphs
y = af(x h) + v
Has the combination of effects previously
discussed moves original graph horizontally
right h units, shifts vertically upward v units
and vertically stretches or squeezes by a
factor of a
Example of Graph Transformations
f ( x) x
Example of Graph Transformations
f ( x) x
How does this transform the graph?
Should reflect graph across the x axis:
f ( x) x shown in black
Example of Graph Transformations
f ( x) 2 x
How does this transform the graph?
Vertically stretches by a factor of 2:
f ( x) x shown in black
Example of Graph Transformations
1
f ( x) x
2
How does this transform the graph?
Vertically squeezes by a factor of :
f ( x) x shown in black
Example of Graph Transformations
f ( x) x 1
How does this transform the graph?
Moves it horizontally one unit to the right:
f ( x) x shown in black
Example of Graph Transformations
f ( x) x 4
How does this transform the graph?
Translates it vertically down 4 units:
f ( x) x shown in black
Example of Graph Transformations
f ( x) 2 x 1 3
How does this transform the graph?
Horizontally translates 1 unit left
Vertically translates 3 units down
Vertically stretches by 2:

f ( x) x shown in black
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.6
Page: 264
Problems: All: 1 3, Odd: 5 11,
33 47
MyMathLab Assignment 50 for practice
 Even Functions
A function f(x) is even if f(-x) = f(x) for every x
in the domain
Test to determine if a function is even:
If substituting x for x makes f(-x) = f(x), the
function is even
Even functions have graphs that are symmetric
with respect to the y-axis
every line perpendicular to the y-axis that intersects
the graph at a distance of d from the y-axis will also
intersect the graph at a distance of d on the other
side of the y-axis
Determine if f(x) = x is even: 2

Given : f ( x) x 2

f ( x) EVEN function!
x 2 x 2 f (x)

Symmetric with respect to y - axis :

 Odd Functions
A function f(x) is odd if f(-x) = - f(x) for every x
in the domain
Test to determine if a function is odd:
If substituting x for x makes f(-x) = - f(x), the
function is odd
Odd functions have graphs that are symmetric
with respect to the origin
every line through the origin that intersects the graph
at a distance of d on one side of the origin will also
intersect the graph at a distance of d on the other
side of the origin
Determine if f(x) = x is odd: 3

Given : f ( x) x 3

f ( x) ODD function!
x 3 x 3 f (x)

Symmetric with respect to origin :

 Homework Problems
Section: 2.6
Page: 265
Problems: All: 19 30
MyMathLab Assignment 51 for practice
MyMathLab Quiz 2.6 is due for a grade on
the date of our next class meeting
 Resultant Functions from
Operations on Functions
Given functions f and g we can define
sum, difference, product and quotient
functions as follows:
Sum function: f g x f x g x
Difference function: f g x f x g x
Product function: fg x f x g x
Quotient function: f x f x , g x 0
g g x

 Domains of Sum, Difference,
Product and Quotient Functions
The domain of each of these functions is
the intersection of their individual
domains, with the exception that for the
quotient function, those values of x are
excluded for which g(x) = 0
Note: Domains must be determined
from individual functions not from
looking only at the resultant function
 Examples of Operations on
Functions
1
Given: f ( x) x 1 and g ( x) x
Domain f : ,1 1,
Domain f Domain g : 0,1 1,
Domain g : 0,
Find definition and domain of:
1
f g x x Domain 0,1 1,
x 1
1
f g x x Domain 0,1 1,
x 1
x
fg x Domain 0,1 1,
x 1
f 1
x Domain 0,1 1,
g x x 1
 Examples of Operations on
Functions
Given information from previous slide:
1 7
f g x x f g 4
x 1 3
1 5
f g x x f g 4
x 1 3
x 2
fg x fg 4
x 1 3
f 1 f
x 4
1
g x x 1 g 6
 Example: Determining Domain
As previously noted: Domains must be
determined from individual functions not from
looking only at the resultant function
Example:
1
f x 2 0,
NOT
Domain f :
x
g x 2
1
Domain g : 0,
x
f g x 4 Domain g : 0,
.
If you look only at the resultant function you would think that domain is - ,
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.7
Page: 276
Problems: All: 9 14
MyMathLab Assignment 52 for practice
 Evaluating Resultant Functions
from Graphs
y f x
f g 1 f 1 g 1 2
f f 2
2 3
g g 2

y g x
fg 2 f 2 g 2 9
f g 0 f 0 g 0 0
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.7
Page: 277
Problems: All: 23 26
MyMathLab Assignment 53 for practice
 Difference Quotient
If (x, f(x)) represents a point on the graph
of y = f(x) and h is a positive number,
then (x+h, f(x+h)) is a second point on the
graph and, from the slope formula, the
slope of the line joining these points is:
y2 y1 f ( x h) f ( x ) f ( x h) f ( x )
m
x2 x1 xhx h

Difference Quotient (Important in Calculus)

 Finding Difference Quotient
f ( x h) f ( x )
h
Given f x 6 x 2 x find difference quotient

f x h 6 x h x h 6 x 2 2 xh h 2 x h
2

f ( x h) f ( x) 6 x 2 12 xh 6h 2 x h 6 x 2 x


h h
6 x 12 xh 6h x h 6 x x
2 2 2
12 xh 6h h 2

h h
h12 x 6h 1
12 x 6h 1
h
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.7
Page: 278
Problems: Odd: 33 39
MyMathLab Assignment 54 for practice
 Composition of Functions
Given two functions f(x) and g(x), a third
function, called the composition function:
f g (x)
may be defined as:
f g ( x) f g x
The domain of the composition function is the
set of all x in the domain of g , such that g(x) is
in the domain of f
Note: In general: f g ( x) g f ( x)
 Example of Forming
Composite Functions
Given: f x 2x 2
and g x x 3
Find: f g (x)
f g ( x) f g x
f x 3
2 x 3
2

2 x2 6x 9
f g (x) 2 x 2 12 x 18
 Example to Show that
Composition is Not Commutative
Given: f x 2 x 2
and g x x 3
Find: g f (x)
g f ( x) g f x
g 2x 2

g f (x) 2 x 2 3
Not the same!
 Homework Problems
Section: 2.7
Page: 278
Problems: Odd: 41 53, 57 63
MyMathLab Assignment 55 for practice
MyMathLab Quiz 2.7 is due for a grade on
the date of our next class meeting