POLITCAL LESSON 2

IDEOLOGIES
POLITICS &
GOVERNANCE

CLASSIC TO MODERN
OBJECTIVES:
IDENTIFY THE BASIC TENETS OF MAJOR POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES;
DIFFERENTIATE POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES;
IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BET WEEN POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
AND CONFIGURATION OF POLITICAL COMMUNITIES;
ENUMERATE IDEAS THAT HAVE A DIRECT IMPACT ON A
POLITICAL COMMUNIT Y; AND
EXPLAIN HOW POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AFFECT THE SOCIAL
AND POLITICAL LIFE OF FILIPINOS.
 POLITICAL
IDEOLOGIES LESSON 2.
PART 1

DEFINED
 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
FIRST FORMAL USE OF IDEOLOGY WAS MADE BY CLAUDE
DESTUTT DE TRACY (1745-1836).
A SYSTEM OF BELIEFS, PERSPECTIVES, AND FRAMEWORKS ON
HOW A CERTAIN GROUP SOULD FUNCTION AND OPERATE.
A POLITICAL IDEOLOGY IS A CERTAIN SET OF ETHICAL IDEALS,
PRINCIPLES, DOCTRINES, MY THS OR SYMBOLS OF A SOCIAL
MOVEMENT, INSTITUTION, CLASS OR LARGE GROUP THAT
EXPLAINS HOW SOCIET Y SHOULD WORK, AND OFFERS SOME
POLITICAL AND CULTURAL BLUEPRINT FOR A CERTAIN SOCIAL
ORDER.
 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
GOAL-ORIENTED, MEANING THEY ARE FOR OR AGAINST A
CERTAIN CONFIGURATION OF APOLITICAL COMMUNIT Y. THEIR
APPLICATION HOWEVER ARE DEPENDENT UPON THE
DIFFERENT POLITICAL ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE AND
INSTITUTIONS.
A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to
allocate power and to what ends it should be used . Political
ideologies have two dimensions:
Goals: how society should be organized.
Methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
 POLITICAL SPECTRUM
FREDRICK WATKINS SUGGESTED THAT IDEOLOGIES COME
FROM DIFFERENT POLITICAL EXTREMES SUCH AS THE
CONSERVATIVE (PRO STATUS QUO) ON ONE SIDE AND THE
RADICALS (ANTI STATUS QUO) ON THE EXTREME SIDE.
A POLITICAL SPECTRUM IS A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFYING
DIFFERENT POLITICAL POSITIONS UPON ONE OR
MORE GEOMETRIC AXES THAT SYMBOLIZE INDEPENDENT
POLITICAL DIMENSIONS.
 POLITICAL SPECTRUM

The terms "Right" and "Left" refer to political affiliations originating early in
the French Revolutionary era of 17891799, and referred originally to the
seating arrangements in the various legislative bodies of France. As seen from
the Speaker's seat at the front of the Assembly, the aristocracy sat on the right
(traditionally the seat of honor) and the commoners sat on the left, hence the
terms Right-wing politics and Left-wing politics.
 DIFFERENT
POLITICAL LESSON 2.

IDEOLOGIES
PART 2
 CONSERVATISM
CHARACTERIZED BY RESITANCE TO CHANGE , ADHERENT TO
LIMITED HUMAN FREEDOM AS IT CHOOSES TO MAINTAIN
TRADITIONAL VALUES,AND AT SOME EXTREME VERSIONS,
DISTRUST TO HUMAN REASONING AND NATURE OR ANTI -
EGALITARIANISM.
 TRADITION MUST BE CONSERVED.
BELIEF IN PRAGMATISM.
VIEWS HUMAN IMPERFECTION.
SOCIAL POSITIONS AND STATUS ARE
ONLY NATURAL.

KEY
CONSERVATISM TENETS
 LIBERALISM
OPPOSITE OF CONSERVATSIM FOR IT FAVORS CHANGE,
PREFERS MORE FREEDOM, AND HAS A MORE OPTIMISTIC
APPROACH TO HUMAN REASONING AND NATURE.
CLASSICAL LIBERALISM ADHERES TO THE LAISSEZ-FAIRE
SYSTEM
MODERN LIBERALISM ACCEPT THE NEED OF LIMITED
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION.
 BELIEF IN INDIVIDUALISM.
LIBERT Y OF THE INDIVIDUAL MUST BE
PROTECTED.
REASON CAN LEAD INDIVIDUALS TO
MAKE WISE JUDGEMENTS, WHICH CAN
SOLVE ISSUES OR DIFFERENCES.
EQUALIT Y IMPLIES THAT INDIVIDUAL
ARE BORN EQUAL, AT LEAST IN MORAL
TERMS (NOT SOCIAL EQUALIT Y)
AUTHORIT Y AND SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIPS MUST BE BASED ON
AGREEMENT OR CONSENT. KEY
LIBERALISM TENETS
 MARXISM
A system of economic, social, and political
philosophy based on ideas that view social change in
terms of economic factors.
A central tenet is that the means of production is
the economic base that influences or determines the
political life.
Under marxism, outdated class structures were
supposed to be overthrown with force (revolution)
instead of being replaced through
patient modification.
 ALIENATION

MAIN CONCEPTS
CLASS STRUGGLE
MATERIALSIM
REVOLUTION

MARXISM
 HISTORICAL MATERIALSIM
DIALECT
EXPLOTATION OF THE PROLETARIAT
BY THE CAPITALIST WOULD
DEVELOP CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS
COMMUNIST SOCIET Y

KEY
MARXISM TENETS
 SOCIALISM

a political and economic theory of social

organization that advocates that the means of
production, distribution, and exchange should
be owned or regulated by the community as a
whole.
Socialism is an economic system where
the factors of production are owned equally by
everyone in the society.
 BELEIEF IN THE COMMUNIT Y.
IDENTIT Y IS A PRODUCT OF SOCIAL
INTERACTION MORE THAN INNATE
QUALITIES.
BROTHERHOOD OR FRATERNIT Y.
PREFER COOPERATION RATHER
THAN COMPETITION.
SOCIAL EQUALITY. ERADICATING
INEQUALITIES IS DEEMED THE
PRIMARY GOALS.
COMMON OWNERSHIP
KEY
SOCIALISM TENETS
 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

Social democracy, political ideology that

originally advocated a peaceful evolutionary
transition of society
from capitalism to socialism using established
political processes.
 BALANCE BETWEEN THEMARKET
AND THE STATE
COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE
ACCEPTANCE OF CAPITALISM AND
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH
ACCORDING TO MORAL THAN
MARKET PRINCIPLES.
CONCERNED WITH THE WEAK, THE
VULNERABLE AND THE UNDERDOG
KEY
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TENETS
 FASCISM

IS AN ULTRANATIONALIST IDEOLOGY. AS SUCH, IT

SUBSCRIBES TO THE IDEA OF A SUPREME RACE,
WHOSE MEMBERS SHOULD ENJOY THE NATURAL
RESOURCES. IT IS BY NATURE EXCLUSIVE AS IT
EXCLUDES NONMEMBERS OF THE RACE.
MANIFESTED DURING MUSOLINIS FASCIST
DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY AND HITLERS NAZI
DICTATORSHIP IN GERMANY.
 THE NEW MAN IS A FASCIST
IDEAL.
UNIFIED NATIONAL COMMUNIT Y OR
STRENGTH THROUGH UNIT Y.
INDIVIDUAL IDENTIT Y IS NOT AS
IMPORTANT AS THAT OF THE SOCIAL
OR THE GROUP.

KEY
FAsCISM TENETS
 ANARCHISM

ANARCHIST BELIEVE THAT SINCE POWER

CORRUPTS, A BETTER SYSTEM BASED ON
VOLUNTARY COOPERATION AND NOT ON POWER
RELATIONS SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED AND THAT
THIS SYSTEMWILL ADDRESS THE NEED OF THE
PEOPLE.
 STATE OR POLITICAL AUTHORIT Y IS
SEEN AS BOTH EVIL AND
UNNECESSARY
STATELESS SOCIET Y
INDIVIDUALS CAN BEST MANAGE
THEIR OWN AFFAIRS THROUGH
VOULNTARY AGREEMENT AND
COOPERATION.

KEY
ANARCHISM TENETS
 LIBERTARIANISM

ANOTHER VERSION OF ANARCHISM BUT

INVOLVES THE GOVERNMENT IN MINIMAL ROLE
SUCH AS ENSURING THE SAFET Y OF EVERYONE
AND FAIRNESS IN WHATEVER CONTRACTS OR
DEALINGS.
 COMMUNISM
Communism, political and economic doctrine that aims to
replace private property and a profit-based economy with public
ownership and communal control of at least the major means of
production (e.g., mines, mills, and factories) and the natural
resources of a society. Communism is thus a form of socialisma
higher and more advanced form, according to its advocates .
As an ideology, communism is generally regarded as hard -left,
making fewer concessions to market capitalism and electoral
democracy than do most forms of socialism. As a system of
government, communism tends to center on a one -party state
that bans most forms of political dissent.
 TOTALITARIANISM
Totalitarianism, form of government that theoretically permits
no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all
aspects of the individuals life to the authority of the
government.
In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by
strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all
aspects of individual life through coercion and repression.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Marxism.html
https://www.thebalance.com/socialism-types-pros-cons-
examples-3305592
https://www.britannica.com/topic/social -democracy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism
http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/100214/what -
dif ference-between-communism-and-socialism.asp