Gender and Sex

LGBTQ++
Transgender and Transsexual
Heteronormativity
Homonormativity
 Sexual Orientation who you want to sleep with
Gender Identity who you want to sleep as
Expression how to express externally
Explains the wide spectrum of sexualities

Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual
Pansexual
Asexual
 Heterosexual transgender woman
Born with male genitalia, identify self as a woman,
and attracted to men
Homosexual transgender woman
Born with male genitalia, identify as a woman,
and attracted to women
 Transgender
Identity is opposite of the sex they are born with
Transvestite
Cross-dresser
Transsexual
Those who have undergone sex reassignment
surgery (SRS)
Cisgender
Those whose SOGIE are in tune with their physical
presuppositions
 Transitioning takes a lifetime
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Expression (though sometimes limited by the
circumstances)

Heteroflexible Gender is fluid!

 We accomplish our genders
Gender roles expectations regarding the proper
behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and
females
We are constantly doing gender without
realizing it
We socially construct our behavior so that male-
female differences are either created or
exaggerated.
 Gender-Role Socialization
Traditional gender-role patterns:
Boys must be masculine active,
aggressive, tough,, daring, and dominant
Girls must be feminine soft, emotional,
sweet, and submissive
 An important element in traditional views of
proper masculine and feminine behavior is
fear of homosexuality (homophobia)
People who deviate from traditional
expectations about gender roles are often
presumed to be gays or lesbians
The continuing stigma attached to
homosexuality in our culture places pressure on
all males and females
 In the Philippines, what are the gender-role
expectations for men and women?

What gender norm violations have you seen

or have you been taught?
 An Experiment of Gender Norm Violations by College
Students

NORM VIOLATIONS BY WOMEN NORM VIOLATIONS BY MEN

Send men flowers Wear fingernail polish

Spit in public Needlepoint in public
Use mens bathroom Throw tupperware party
Buy jock strap Cry in public
Buy/chew tobacco Have pedicure
Talk knowledgeably about cars Apply to babysit
Open doors for men Shave body hair
(Nielsen et al, 2000)
**Based on class projects done at a university in the USA
 Robert Brannon (1976) and James Doyle (1995) have
identified five aspects of the male gender role:
Antifeminine element show no sissy stuff, including
any expression of openness or vulnerability
Success element prove ones masculinity at work and
sports
Aggressive element use force in dealing with others
Sexual element initiate and control all sexual relations
Self-reliant element keep cool and unflappable
Machismo is perpetuated
 Cross-cultural Perspective
To what extent do actual biological differences between
the sexes contribute to the cultural differences associated
with gender?
Margaret Mead, in her book Sex and Temperament,
describes typical behaviors of each sex in three different
cultures in New Guinea
Arapesh men and women act as we expect women to act
Mundugumor both act as we expect men to act
Tchambuli men act according to our stereotypes for women
 Functionalists maintain that gender differentiation
has contributed to overall social stability.

Talcott Parsons and Robert Bales (1955) argued that

women take the expressive, emotionally supportive
role and men the instrumental, practical role, with
the two complementing each other.
 Instrumentality refers to emphasis on tasks, focus
on more distant goals, and a concern for the
external relationship between ones family and
other social institutions.

Expressiveness denotes concern for maintenance of

harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the
family
 From the conflict perspective, the functionalist
approach masks underlying power relations
between men and women.

Conflict theorists contend that the relationship

between females and males has traditionally been
one of unequal power, with men in a dominant
position over women; gender differences reflect the
subjugation of one group by other group
 Friedrich Engels argued that womens subjugation
coincided with the rise of private property during
industrialization

The ugly realities of rape, wife battering, sexual

harassment, and street harassment all illustrate and
intensify womens subordinate position

Even if women reach economic parity with men, even if

women win equal representation in government,
genuine equality between the sexes cannot be achieved
if these attacks remain as common as they are today
 Interactionist researchers often examine gender
stratification on the micro-level of everyday
behavior.

As an example, several studies show that men

initiate up to 96% of all interruptions in cross-sex
conversations.
1. Women experience unequal treatment; though they
are not segregated from men, women are the victims
of prejudice and discrimination in the paid labor force
in the legal system, and in other areas of society.

2. Women share physical and cultural characteristics

that distinguish them from the dominant group
3. Membership in this subordinate group is involuntary

4. Through the rise of contemporary feminism,

women are developing a greater sense of group
solidarity

5. Though women do not intermarry, many women

feel that their subordinate status is most irrevocably
defined within the institution of marriage
 Scholars and disciplines were androcentric
Women were left out; they were socially
constructed with domestic duties
Our basic social identities as men and women
are socially constructed rather than based on
fixed biological characteristics
 The need to include men in the analysis
Development is for all
To gain academic acceptance
For political acceptability but it usually equates to
women
From Women in Development (WID) to
Gender and Development (GAD) or Gender
Concerns in Development (GCID)
 Pre-colonial societies may have been at different
stages of social development production
systems that are dominant

Modes of production influenced gender relations

Social stratification was influenced by the
modes of production, hence, intense levels of
patriarchy
Despite that, women always had ways to work
with the stratification
 Sexual division of labour in our society may
not be fixed as we think
The dominance of men is neither natural nor
eternal!
Egalitarian society is possible

There is a need to challenge inegalitarianism

in our country and in the entire world