Adjustment of Triangulation

Introduction
Triangulation was the preferred method for
horizontal control surveys until the EDM was
developed
Angles could be measured to a high level of
accuracy
Measured baseline distances were included
every so often to strengthen the network
Azimuth Observation Equation
 Arctangent Function for Azimuth
xi yi xj yj xj-xi yj-yi atan2(dy,dx) atan(dx/dy)
0 0 0.500 0.866 0.500 0.866 30 30
0 0 0.866 0.500 0.866 0.500 60 60
0 0 1.000 0.000 1.000 0.000 90 #DIV/0!
0 0 0.866 -0.500 0.866 -0.500 120 -60
0 0 0.500 -0.866 0.500 -0.866 150 -30
0 0 0.000 -1.000 0.000 -1.000 180 0
0 0 -0.500 -0.866 -0.500 -0.866 -150 30
0 0 -0.866 -0.500 -0.866 -0.500 -120 60
0 0 -1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000 -90 #DIV/0!
0 0 -0.866 0.500 -0.866 0.500 -60 -60
0 0 -0.500 0.866 -0.500 0.866 -30 -30
0 0 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 0 0
 Azimuth Examples
Y

0
-30 30

-60 60

-90 90
X

-120 120

-150 150

180
 Correction Term
Even if we use a full-circle arc tangent
function we may still need a correction term
This can happen where the azimuth is near
180
Check the K-matrix term (measured minus
computed)
If it is closer to 360 than it is to 0,
correction is needed
Linearizing the Azimuth Equation
Other Partials
Linearized Azimuth Observation Equation
Angle Observation Equation
Angle Observation Equation
Linearized Form
Example 14.1
First Initial Approximations
Approximations - Continued
Approximations - Continued
Determine Computed Values for
Angles and Distances
Computed Values - Continued
 Set Up Matrices
First, we need to define the Backsight, Instrument, and
Foresight stations for the observed angles.

angle B I F
1 U R S
2 R S U
3 U S T
4 S T U
 J Matrix

Note: Rho () is the conversion factor from radians to seconds.

This complication can be avoided by keeping all angles in radian
units (for example, in the K matrix).
 K Matrix

If this was in radians, we wouldnt need Rho. Also, the

second value should be zero. (why?)
 Compute Solution and Update Coords

Note: Further iterations produce negligible corrections.

 Compute Statistics
Residuals: V = J X - K

S0
Coordinate Standard Errors
 Other Angle Networks
Resection more than 3 points is redundant
Triangulated quadrilaterals
Other geometric shapes
Resection
Triangulated Quadrilateral
A

C
D