REASONING

IS A PROCESS OF MAKING STATEMENTS IN A WAY THAT WILL LEAD TO A CONCLUSION.

IT IS A PROCESS THAT WE DO ALL THE TIME AND USUALLY WE DO IT UNCONSCIOUSLY.
IT IS ALSO THE CAPACITY OF A PERSON TO MAKE A SENSE OF THINGS TO ESTABLISH AND VERIFY FACTS,
TO RATIONALLY WORK THROUGH DATA, INFORMATION, FACTS, AND BELIEFS.
 We are always making
OBSERVATION
observations

FACTS OR From our observations we

THEORY establish facts and theory

INFERENCE From facts we draw inferences

We use our observations, facts,

ASSUMPTIONS inferences and assumptions to form
our opinions

We then create arguments to

ARGUMENTS defend our opinions

We use analysis to critic our own and other

ANALYSIS people observations, facts, inferences,
assumptions, opinions and arguments
INDUCTIVE REASONING
IS A FORM OF REASONING THAT USES ANALOGIES, EXAMPLES, OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCES TO
FORM CONCLUSIVE PROPOSITIONS.

EXAMPLE:
JOHN IS A HIGH SCHOOL RUNNER. ALL HIGH SCHOOL RUNNERS ARE TALL. THEREFORE, JOHN IS TALL.
MARIEL IS A TEACHER. ALL TEACHERS ARE NICE. THEREFORE, IT CAN BE ASSUMED THAT MARIEL IS NICE.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
IS THE PROCESS OF REASONING FROM ONE OR MORE GENERAL STATEMENTS (PREMISES) TO REACH A LOGICALLY CERTAIN
CONCLUSION.
IT S A PROCESS OF REASONING WHEREIN A CONCLUSION IS RICH FROM GENERAL STATEMENTS.
A PATTERN OF THREE (3) STATEMENTS: FIRST STATEMENT IS A MAJOR PREMISE, SECOND IS THE MINOR PREMISE, AND THE
THIRD IS THE CONCLUSION.
EXAMPLE:
1ST STATEMENT: ALL MEN ARE MORTAL.
2ND STATEMENT: ARISTOTLE IS A MAN.
3RD STATEMENT: THEREFORE, ARISTOTLE IS A MORTAL.
 Deductive Reasoning
Stated facts or general
Premises Principles (It is warm in the
summer in Spain.)
Conclusion is more special than
Conclusion the information the premises
provide. It is reached directly by
applying logical rules to that
premises.
Validity If the premises are true, the
conclusion must be true.
Usage More difficult to use (mainly in
logical problems). One needs
facts which are definitely true.
Inductive Reasoning
Based on observations of specific cases
(All crows Knut and his wife have seen
are black.)
Conclusion is more general the
information the premises provide. It is
reached by generalizing the premises
information
If the premises are true, the conclusion
is probably true.
Use often in everyday life (fast and
easy.) Evidence is used instead of
proved facts.
ACTIVITY
DIRECTION: Identify whether the statements are inductive or deductive. If the
statement is inductive change it to deductive and if the statement is deductive
change it to inductive.
1. All TCC students are disciplined. Glenn is known to be a disciplined person.
Therefore, Glenn is a TCC student.
2. Celebrities are rich. Vice Ganda is a popular celebrity. Therefore, Vice Ganda is
rich.
3. Mark is a model. He is also tall. Therefore, all models are tall.
4. Ariel is a basketball player. He is also hard-working. Therefore, all basketball
players are hard-working.
5. Jayson is a Filipino. He is hospitable. Therefore, all Filipinos are hospitable.