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LECTURE-3

LEARNING LEVEL-1

STUDY AND ANALYSIS


Of geographical climatic, politico religious, socio-cultural issues
influencing architecture.

Maleeha Hassan
GEOGRAPHICAL-CLIMATIC
How do context and weather affects our built surroundings.
Architecture is a habitable art.
It is therefore dependent, for its
success, on factors that define
human comfort. Geography and
climate being amongst the
foremost.
It is a relationship between
environment and living patterns
of human beings. Typically, this is
manifested through planning and
design.
Geographical-climatic
phenomenon in design is about A section showing placement of spaces
how natural surroundings and according to contours, following the natural
topography affect architecture topography of the area.

and urban setup of societies.


Climatically responsive
architecture depends largely
upon layering of space. One does
not enter a building by
passing through a threshold, but
instead arrives more gradually.
The experience is not reduced to
two opposing conditions: being
outside and being inside,
but there are several transitional
conditions, so that
the experience is more
processional. One moves from a
courtyard to a verandah to an
arcaded inner space, again to a
verandah and to a courtyard at
the other end.
Basic requirements of a climate
responsive design is :
To provide shelter against the
harshness of prevailing weather
conditions of a locality.
To provide comfortable indoor
conditions (visual, air quality,
noise etc).
Adaptability of design to the
differing geographical-climatic
issues accordingly.
Provide maximum shade in
summer and adequate heat gain
in winter. Provision of shades above window to control
high angled summer sun while allowing lower
Provide ample shaded public angled winter sun rays.
Shaded spaces due to trees.
spaces.
South sun

The positioning of settlements can


help to take advantage of local
More wind at high altitude
features.
Attention has to be made about
most suitable orientation regarding
sun exposure.
Settlements have to be properly
oriented regarding prevailing winds.
Winds are more frequent and
relatively cooler at higher
elevations.
DESIGN FACTORS RELATED TO HUMAN COMFORT
Solar radiation, light levels / glare, temperature, change in temperature,
rainfall, humidity, air quality / movement .
DESIGN FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSTRUCTION
Earthquakes, storms, floods, high solar radiation, high humidity and
condensation, salt levels in air .
The prevailing local climate has
always influenced building
methods or architecture in
general.
It is therefore understandable
that building types found around
the world are very diverse.
Humans created protection from
the climate by building shelters
that were adapted to the climatic
conditions they were in. The
home, often very simple in its
construction, storage areas for
food and other life-sustaining
goods, is often of higher priority
to the community.
A commercial space inspired by the
idea of traditional Arab souk.
High-tech climatically responsive roof
made up of bronze and steel grid that
opens and shuts depending upon the
outside temperature.
Structure is furnished on inside and
outside with air permeable panels of
timber/steel.

Example structure:
Central market-Abu Dhabi
POLITICO-RELIGION
How do politics and religion affects our built surroundings
The main interest of the ruling
government in state is to treat
architecture as a visible sign of
progress to gain global
recognition from other nations:
that is, a political need for the
ruling regime to be more
noticeable and to be more
supreme.
Another purpose is to gain and
claim social acknowledgement
from the local masses.
In order to achieve this the
authorities often build
monumental structures. Ex World Trade Centre towers and
the remaining Slurry wall
Site before re construction Site after re construction
1 2

3 4

The design process picked from the remaining foundation


THE GROUND ZERO RE-BUILDING
EX WORLD TRADE CENTRE, NEWYORK-AMERICA

Grand restoration of the skyline and filling the void


the destruction has caused.
A symbol of reborn political strength of the united
states of America.
Governments try to integrate or
unify the population to follow
one ruling body by making
various programs such as the
usage of icons in the form of
buildings to promote the idea of
nationalism. Many buildings
seem to portray images
referencing ethnic, cultural or
religious belief in order to
potentially evoke the
nationalistic sentiments among
the masses.
Architecture is the best tool as it
metaphorically communicates to The Pakistan monument being used as a
nationalist symbol of unity.
the masses through scale, form
and other elements.
A built structure on the other
hand may separate too.
THE BERLIN WALL
BERLIN-GERMANY

Once one of the most politically charged


structures in the world.
A symbol of division between east
and west Berlin.
Length more than 75 miles.
Religions shape lives of human Religion in a culture provides a
race. system of common values that
It directly or indirectly governs often serves to validate and
each and every aspect of its legitimize the social order; this
followers. Architecture is no explains why the state and
exemption. In all societies religion are so often intertwined
architecture concretizes religion. in complex cultures.
The structures they build and the
spaces they shape support and
reflect spiritual practices and
religious beliefs.
Often because of the religious
beliefs, the political structural
framework is given shape
The history of architecture is
concerned more with religious
buildings than with any other
type, because in most past
cultures the universal and
exalted appeal of religion made Example structures:
the church or temple the most Christian architecture
expressive, the most permanent, Jewish architecture
and the most influential building Islamic architecture
in any community. Buddhist architecture
Hindu architecture
Religions form the foundation of
cultural identity and have
decisively shaped world
civilizations based on differing,
but not exclusive, views of
ultimate value.
The mosque for example was of central
importance to the life of a Muslim culture, the
whole community would revolve around.
A place to worship, bathe, eat, sleep,
debate, and be schooled at.
In case of Hindu architecture,
temples ordinarily do not contain
large internal spaces.
They do not have large internal
spaces for collective worship like
a church or mosque.
They are often simple covered
spaces or halls used for rituals,
music, and dance.
A central space containing the
deity for worship might be open
to the outside in many cases .
Because Hindu architectural
styles are expressions of faith,
adopting new forms would be a
denial of the entire past. Simple raised plat formed Hindu temple
SOCIO-CULTURAL
Architecture is the visual shape of a society.
In a complex society social
stratification divides people and
families into distinct ranked
groups on the basis of their Social Stratification:
wealth and status. Refers to the ranking of
Moreover, complex societies can individuals and groups in any
be further divided into groupings given society
on the basis of culture, language, It is a basic component of
religion, occupation, or place of social organization and is
residence. transmitted through
So the social aspect of generations.
architecture is to deal with the
design of spaces in an urban
cultural setup in which the
activities of people are inter
related and inseparable in a
sustainable way.
DISTINCT SOCIAL CLASSES AND RESULTING URBAN
SETUP
KARACHI-PAKISTAN

Divided in 3 distinct social classes distinctively


showing in architectural/urban design.
The slums
Middle income communities
High income setups.
Housing is a very important
aspect of human existence.
A multiplicity of factors such as
vegetation, soils, climate,
topography, culture and
technology have some impact
on houses.
The impact of these factors may
lead to changes in house types.
Specifically income,
occupation, education and the
household size are considered
and statistically tested to
determine their influence on the
architectural form of houses.
THE KOWLOON WALLED CITY
KOWLOON-HONGKONG

Inhabited by lower class of the city.


Difficult living conditions in the city centre.
Tightly knit community.
Secluded by design and having a living culture of
their own.
Preserved in the form of Kowloon city park later.
Besides housing, social
institutions are many and these
social institutions sometimes The way forward:
need functional spaces to allow Genuine urban activity.
the people using the building to The use of greenbelts for pollution
benefit from all aspects of both minimization and growth
the purpose of what inhabits the management.
building and by the very Endowed urban planning with a
structure and organized flow of social and community dimensions
said structure. The way the A comprehensive planning approach
buildings are designed to fulfill combining industrial with residential
the needs of these social and agricultural.
institutions /social requirements
can be said to be the compliance
of social aspects in architecture.
Thank you!

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