Investigative Interviewing Techniques

INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING
TECHNIQUES
Learn to Probe and be a
Purveyor of Truth
INVESTIGATION means to follow step-by-step

by patient inquiry or observation; to trace or track
mentally; to search into; to examine and inquire
into with care and accuracy; to find out by careful
inquisition; the taking of evidence; a legal inquiry.
Purveyor of Truth
There are two key aims underpinning

any investigation:
1. To find out what happened, and if anything

did happen; and
2. To discover who did what.

Purveyor of Truth
Criminal Investigation the collection of facts

in order to accomplish the three-fold aims to
identify the guilty party; to locate the guilty party;
and to provide evidence of a suspects guilt.
Criminal Investigation is a fact-finding inquiry

conducted by law enforcement officers where they
gather evidence, interview witnesses, asses the
evidence to find out if a complaint should be filed
for purpose of preliminary investigation.
Purveyor of Truth
1. Information the knowledge\facts which

the investigator had gathered from persons
or document, which are permitted
concerning the commission of a crime or
criminal activities.
2. Interview the simple questioning of a

person who cooperates with the investigator,
for the purpose of obtaining information.
Purveyor of Truth
INTERVIEW is a free flowing non-

accusatory meeting or discussion used to
gather information.
INTERROGATION, on the other hand is

an accusatorial interaction with a suspect
conducted in a controlled environment,
designated to persuade the suspect to tell
the truth.
Purveyor of Truth
3. Instrumentation It is the scientific

examination of real evidence, application of
instrument and methods of the physical
sciences in detecting crime.
Purveyor of Truth
The interviewing of victims, witnesses and

suspects is a fundamental aspect of the
investigative process.
Majority of cases are
solved through the
evidence obtained in
interviews with
witnesses, victims and
suspects .
Purveyor of Truth
The aim of investigative interviewing is to

discover the truth by obtaining ethical, accurate
and reliable information from the interviewee.
In short, quality information from interviewee

over quantity.
The interview may be used also to provide

victims, witnesses and suspects with information,
advice and guidance.
Purveyor of Truth
Interviewing style matters because it

affects the motivation of the interviewee to
give a more detailed and accurate reply to
questions. When conducting an interview, the
interviewer should be:
open;
interested;
approachable; and
personable.
Purveyor of Truth
Planning and Preparation

Establish Rapport
Active Listening
Effective Questioning
These Core skills have been identified

and need to be developed in conducting
successful investigative interviews.
Purveyor of Truth
In
we will
introduce to you the P.E.A.C.E. MODEL .
While in
we will
introduce to you the T.E.D.S and OPEN &
CLOSED style of questioning.
P.E.A.C.E.
Purveyor of Truth
P Planning and Preparation

E Engage and Explain
A Account
C Closure / Clarification / Challenge
E Evaluation
PEACE Learn to Probe and be a
Purveyor of Truth
Aims and objectives

Prepared
of interview Roles of interviewers
plan
Knowledge of Planning and What facts do

Interviewee you have?
Preparation
Legal issues Outlines what to consider when Recording of
planning and preparing for an Interview
Other Parties interview.
Involvement Legal Advice
Location
Welfare Issues Timing
Equipment
Purveyor of Truth
Consider age, gender, race,

educational background,
physical & mental
condition.
Consider the make-up of

the interview team and
nominate the relevant roles.
Purveyor of Truth
Planning and preparation is the most important

phase in effective interviewing.
Who should be present

during the interview.
Where the interview

should take place.
Purveyor of Truth
Purpose of interviews Introductions
Instructions Implications
ENGAGE AND EXPLAIN Entitlements

Engage is the first step in order
to encourage conversation. Concerns/Needs
Explain is the step used to help Time / Day / Date

the interviewee understand the
purpose of the interview.
Roles of people present
Note taking
Purveyor of Truth
Establish rapport
with the interviewee;
Managing first
impression;
Considering how you
address the
interviewee;
Explain the reason for
the interview.
Purveyor of Truth
Develop your active

listening;
When interviewing
suspect, be caution of
his rights as provided
by the constitution and
statutes
Purveyor of Truth
Non Verbal Communication

Develop Questions
from Answers
Use of Silence
ACCOUNT
This deals with the central issue of obtaining the interviewees
account, clarifying this and where necessary, challenging it.
Active Listening Use of Appropriate

No Interruptions Questions
In taking the accounts of witness, victim or even
the suspect, we will use the T.E.D.S as mode of
questioning.
OPEN Statements to start the interview:
T Tell me
E Explain to me
D Describe for me
S Show me or Sketch to me
Learn to Probe and be a Purveyor of Truth
Purveyor of Truth
T.E.D.S. act as instructions rather than

questions and encourage the interviewee to
provide a full and detailed account of what they
know.
TEDS is also known as OPEN UESTION. The
general rule is that open questions should be
used at the beginning of an interview, and with the
introduction of any topic during the interview.
EXAMPLE:
Tell me what happened in the parking lot?

Purveyor of Truth
Examples of TEDS Style Questions:

Tell me everything that happened .............
You have told me that you saw the guy left a
garbage bag beside a Toyota Fortuner and it
exploded. Explain what you mean by this?
Describe the guy
Show me what happened or Sketch to me
where is the parking youre referring.
Purveyor of Truth
This is where we encourage the witness to

tell us everything they can remember
from start to finish.
We dont interrupt. It is their chance to

tell their story.
Concentration is necessary to enable

effective memory retrieval. So avoid
distractions.
Purveyor of Truth
Statements that Set the Scene

Think about where is you location at the time.
Think about what you were doing.
Think about what was happening.
Focus on everything you can see.
Concentrate on who you were with.
Think about what you could here.
Concentrate on what was said.
Think about how you were feeling.
Purveyor of Truth
Step 1: Set the scene and initiate a free report using

an open TEDS questions.
Step 2: Repeated attempt to recall and use of a sketch

plan.
Step 3: Identify interviewee area by signposting.
Step 4: Expand each topic by using open TEDS

question and probing questions 5Ws and 1H.
Step 5: Summarise, clarify, and prepare statement.

Purveyor of Truth
EXAMPLE OF A WITNESS AGENDA:
I was at the skate park with some mates. Totoy

Bato came over and picked a fight with me then he
punched me. I fell over then my mates picked me
up and we left. I got a broken nose.
I--------------------I--------------------I--------------------I--------------------I------------I
Skate Totoy Fell Mates
park Bato Over
Punched
Expand your Signpost using T.E.D.S.
Questions
Purveyor of Truth
Q. Sabi mo nandoon ka sa Skate Park. Pwede

mo bang sabihin kung saan at anung
meron sa skate park.
A. Ah.... Ang skate park ay yung nasa welcome

rotonda ng SBMA malapit sa tulay ng
Arlington... Alam mo yun sir.
Q. I am interested in what happened at the

skate park, tell me everything you can
remember, dont leave anything out.
Investigative Interviewing
SKATE PARK
Used open questions (TEDS)
Probe
Wher Wh Wh Wh Wh
How
e at y o en
Move on to the next agenda topic and repeat process

until all matters have
Learn to Probe and bebeen
a Purveyor ofdealt
Truth with
Purveyor of Truth
From Top to Bottom Bottom to Top
From Front to Rear Rear to Front
From Left to Right Right to Left

Purveyor of Truth
I.A.D.V.O.K.A.T.E
1. IMPAIRMENT
(Was the witness impaired due to drugs or alcohol ?)
2. AMOUNT OF TIME UNDER OBSERVATION

(How long did the witness have the suspect in view ?)
3. DISTANCE
(What was the distance between the witness and the
suspect ?)
Purveyor of Truth
I.A.D.V.O.K.A.T.E
4. VISIBLITY
(What was the visibility at the time ?)
5. OBSTRUCTION
(Was there anything obstructing their view ?)
6. KNOWN OR SEEN BEFORE

(Has the witness seen the suspect before ?
When / Where ?)
Purveyor of Truth
I.A.D.V.O.K.A.T.E
7. ANY REASON TO REMEMBER
(Did the witness have any reason to remember the
suspect ?)
8. TIME LAPSE
(How long has elapsed since the witness saw the
suspect)
9. ERROR OR MATERIAL DISCREPANCY

(Are there any errors or material discrepancies
between descriptions given in the first and
subsequent accounts of the witness)
Purveyor of Truth
Closed questions are framed in such a

way that they only allow a relatively narrow
range of responses i.e. yes or no, and
responses to questions regarding quantity,
identification and time
(e.g. How many were there? What is

your name? What time did it happen?)
Purveyor of Truth
Closed questions (6 Cardinal

Points of Investigation) probe
the topics:
1. Who
2. What
3. When
4. Why
5. Where
6. How NOTE: These obtain Fine Grain Detail.
Purveyor of Truth
Closed questions are of value during

investigative interview and should be used to
obtain information not provided by the
witness in the free recall and open question
stages of the interview.
However, they should only be used at

the conclusion of a topic where open and
probing questions have been exhausted.
Purveyor of Truth
Research suggests that appropriate closed

questions are typically used to establish legal
points or points to prove in an investigation
What time did it happen?

Why did you plant the Improvised Explosive
Device (IED) in that parking lot?
PEACE
Invite Comments
from other Parties Signatories
Invite Comments Intended Course

From Interviewee of Action
CLOSURE
This describes the considerations before closing an

interview.
Planned Formalities Courtesy

Purveyor of Truth
Verification and Consolidation
The answer to four key questions must be considered

before Closure of the interview:
1. Have you covered all the questions you want to ask?
2. Has the interviewee provided all the information they

are able and willing to provide?
3. Have you covered all the aims of your interview?
4. What is the effect of additional information?

Purveyor of Truth
Reviewing the Accounts
You need to give the

interviewee an opportunity
to confirm, alter, clarify,
deny or add anything to
their account if they wish.
Be prepared for additional information. Think

about how youre going to maximize this new
information.
Purveyor of Truth
Confirm Chronology
Follow up support
Welfare
Transportation
Counselling / Reassurance
Professional Assistance
Purveyor of Truth
Always close the interview with the Three Ps:

1. Polite end the interview politely, thanking the
interviewee for the time and efforts with assisting
with the investigation.
2. Positive end the interview positively, for example

the information you provided is in such detail it will
assist with the investigation, thank you
3. Prospectively suspect will contact you if they

recall any details and wish to add to the information
they have provided.
PEACE
Where Do I Go Now?
What Areas Did I achieve

for Development? what I intended?
EVALUATION
The key question to ask about what was achieved during

the interview, and how to improve your methods for
future interviews
How did I Perform? Further Interviews

Where Does this Leave Me
Now?
The purpose of Evaluation is to:
1. Examine whether the aims and objectives for the

interview have been achieved.
2. Review the investigation in the light of

information obtained during the interview.
3. Develop interviewing skills by evaluating how

you performed setting goals for the future.
Purveyor of Truth
What worked
What did not work
Was I effective in my: Preparation, engage
and explain, taking of account, and
conclude phase.
Was my team work effective
Where and how an I improve?
sour nice candy
honey sugar soda
bitter chocolate good
heart taste cake
tooth tart pie

YOU HAVE 60 SECONDS !

WHO WROTE DOWN
SWEET

Was sweet there ? NONE !
sour nice candy
honey sugar soda
bitter chocolate good
heart taste cake
tooth tart pie

Memory Test 2
mad wrath fear happy
hate fight
rage hatred temper
mean fury calm
Ire emotion enrage

Try again ..
Write down as many as you can

remember ?
YOU HAVE 60 SECONDS !

Who wrote down
ANGER or ANGRY ?

mad wrath fear happy
hate fight rage hatred
Temper mean fury calm
Ire emotion enrage
ANGER or ANGRY .. NOT there !

LOOK AT YOUR LIST
CONGRATULATIONS
(some of) YOU HAVE
JUST HAD A FALSE
MEMORY
Website:
www.pifsa.net
E-MAIL ADD:
pifsa2017@gmail.com
FACEBOOK:
Philippine Investigation and
Forensic Science Academy
END OF
PRESENTATION

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INVESTIGATIVE INTERVIEWING

INVESTIGATION means to follow step-by-step

There are two key aims underpinning

1. To find out what happened, and if anything

2. To discover who did what.

Criminal Investigation the collection of facts

Criminal Investigation is a fact-finding inquiry

1. Information the knowledge\facts which

2. Interview the simple questioning of a

INTERVIEW is a free flowing non-

INTERROGATION, on the other hand is

3. Instrumentation It is the scientific

The interviewing of victims, witnesses and

The aim of investigative interviewing is to

In short, quality information from interviewee

The interview may be used also to provide

Interviewing style matters because it

Planning and Preparation

These Core skills have been identified

P Planning and Preparation

Aims and objectives

Knowledge of Planning and What facts do

Consider age, gender, race,

Consider the make-up of

Planning and preparation is the most important

Who should be present

Where the interview

Purpose of interviews Introductions

ENGAGE AND EXPLAIN Entitlements

Explain is the step used to help Time / Day / Date

Develop your active

Non Verbal Communication

Active Listening Use of Appropriate

T.E.D.S. act as instructions rather than

Tell me what happened in the parking lot?

Examples of TEDS Style Questions:

This is where we encourage the witness to

We dont interrupt. It is their chance to

Concentration is necessary to enable

Statements that Set the Scene

Step 1: Set the scene and initiate a free report using

Step 2: Repeated attempt to recall and use of a sketch

Step 3: Identify interviewee area by signposting.

Step 4: Expand each topic by using open TEDS

Step 5: Summarise, clarify, and prepare statement.

EXAMPLE OF A WITNESS AGENDA:

I was at the skate park with some mates. Totoy

Q. Sabi mo nandoon ka sa Skate Park. Pwede

A. Ah.... Ang skate park ay yung nasa welcome

Q. I am interested in what happened at the

Used open questions (TEDS)

Move on to the next agenda topic and repeat process

From Top to Bottom Bottom to Top

From Front to Rear Rear to Front

From Left to Right Right to Left

2. AMOUNT OF TIME UNDER OBSERVATION

6. KNOWN OR SEEN BEFORE

9. ERROR OR MATERIAL DISCREPANCY

Closed questions are framed in such a

(e.g. How many were there? What is

Closed questions (6 Cardinal

Closed questions are of value during

However, they should only be used at

Research suggests that appropriate closed