MOMENTUM TRANSFER

Dimaapi, Brad Angelo V.

JET EJECTORS
An important kind of vacuum pump that does not
use moving parts, in which the fluid to be moves is
entrained in a high-velocity stream of a second
fluid
Industrially greatest use is made of steam-jet
ejectors, which are valuable for drawing a fairly
high vacuum
Require very little attention and maintenance and
are especially valuable with corrosive gases that
would damage mechanical vacuum pumps
JET EJECTORS
Ejectors, particularly when multistage, use large
quantities of steam and water. They are rarely used
to produce absolute pressures below 1mmHg
No longer popular as they were because of the
great increase in cost of steam.
Replaced by mechanical vacuum pumps, which
use much less energy of the same service
As shown in the figure steam is admitted to a converging-diverging nozzle, from
which it issues at supersonic velocity into a diffuser cone. The air or other gas to
be moved is mixed with the steam in the first part of the diffuser, lowering the
velocity to acoustic velocity or below; in the diverging section of the diffuser the
kinetic energy of the mixed gases is converted to pressure energy, so that the
mixture can be discharged directly to the atmosphere. Often it is sent to a
water-cooler condenser, particularly if more hat one stage is used. Otherwise
each stage would have to handle all the steam admitted to the preceding
stages. As many as five stages are used in industrial processing
Comparison of Devices for moving Fluid
In all types of fluid moving equipment, the flow
capacity, power requirements, and mechanical efficiency
are all highly important. Reliability and ease of maintenance
are also highly desirable, often essential. In small units,
simplicity and trouble-free operation are usually more
important than high mechanical efficiency with its saving of
a few kilowatts of power
Positive-displacement machine
Handle smaller quantities of fluids at high discharge
pressures than do centrifugal machines.
Are not subject to air binding and are usually self-
printing
In both positive-displacement pumps and blowers,
the discharge rate is nearly independent of the
discharge pressure, so that these machined are
extensively used for controlling and metering flow
Positive-displacement machine
Reciprocating devices require considerable maintenance
but can produce the highest pressure. They deliver
pulsating steam
Rotary pumps work best on fairly viscous lubricating fluids,
discharging a steady stream at moderate to high
pressure. They cannot be used with slurries
Rotary blowers usually discharge gas at a maximum
pressure of 2atm from a single state. The discharge line of
a positive-displacement pump cannot be closed without
stalling or breaking the pump, so that a bypass line with a
pressure relied valve is required
Centrifugal Machines
Centrifugal pumps, blowers, and compressors all
deliver fluid at a uniform pressure without shocks or
pulsations.
They run at a higher speeds that positive-
displacement machines and are connected to the
motor drive directly instead of through a gear box
The discharge line can be completely closed
without damage
Centrifugal Machines
Centrifugal pumps can handle a wide variety of
corrosive liquids and slurries
Centrifugal blowers and compressors are much
smaller, for given capacity, then reciprocating
compressors and require less maintenance
Vacuum Devices
For producing vacuum, reciprocating machines
are effective for absolute pressure down to about
10mmHg
Rotary vacuum pumps can lower this absolute
pressure to 0.01mmHg and over a wide range of
low pressures are cheaper to operate than
multistage steam-jet ejectors
For very high vacuums, specialized devices such as
diffusion pumps are needed