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In terms of fMRI
Null = no difference in brain activation between these
2 conditions
Exp = there is a difference in brain activation between
these 2 conditions
2 types of statistics
Descriptive Stats
e.g., mean and standard deviation (S.D)
Inferential statistics
t-tests, ANOVAs and regression
Issues when making inferences
So how do we know whether the effect
observed in our sample was genuine?
We dont
Time
x1 x 2
t
s x1 x2
2 2
s1 s2
Group 1 Group 2
s x1 x2
n1 n2
How do we apply this to fMRI
data analysis?
Time
Degrees of freedom
= number of unconstrained data points
Which in this case = number of data points
1.
Factorial ANOVAs
More than 1 factor
Acknowledgements
X X
covariance
A statistic representing the degree to which 2
variables vary together n
Covariance formula
( x x)( y
i i y)
cov( x, y ) i 1
n
n
cf. variance formula i
( x x ) 2
S x2 i 1
n
but
the absolute value of cov(x,y) is also a function of the
standard deviations of x and y.
Describe correlation: Pearson
correlation coefficient (r)
Equation cov( x, y)
rxy s = st dev of sample
sx s y
r = -1 (max. negative correlation); r = 0 (no constant
relationship); r = 1 (max. positive correlation)
Limitations:
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
= , predicted
= y i , observed
= residual
F-statistic:
complicated
rearranging
s2 r2 (n - 2)2
F(df ,df ) = =......=
er
ser2 1 r2
And it follows that:
r (n - 2) So all we need to
t(n-2) = know are r and n !
1 r2
Summary
Correlation
Regression
Relevance to SPM
General Linear Model
Linear regression is actually a form of the
General Linear Model where the
parameters are b, the slope of the line,
and a, the intercept.
y = bx + a +
A General Linear Model is just any model
that describes the data in terms of a
straight line
One voxel: The GLM
Our aim: Solve equation for tells us how much BOLD signal is explained by X
b3
b4
b5
= b6 +
b7
b8
b9
Y = X b + e
Multiple regression
Multiple regression is used to determine the effect of a
number of independent variables, x1, x2, x3 etc., on a
single dependent variable, y
The different x variables are combined in a linear way
and each has its own regression coefficient:
Thanks!