Seminar On

Aerodynamics of an Aeroplane Wing

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF BY: Sushruta Dey

Dr. Deboyoti Mitra Mechanical Engg. Dept.
Assistant Professor of ME 3rd year, 5th semester
Kalyani Govt. Engg. College Roll No: 10200715050
 Introduction
Aerodynamics is a branch of dynamics concerned with studying the
motion of air, particularly when it interacts with a moving object.
Aerodynamics is a subfield of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics , with much
theory shared between them.
Aerodynamics plays an important role in the performance of an Airplane
during flight as well as during take-off and landing. For this the wings of an
airplane must be properly designed to have a smooth and steady flight. An
Airplane having well designed wings according to the aerodynamic
modification will have a very good performance at variable atmospheric
conditions.
Aerodynamic problems can be identified in a number of ways. The flow
environment defines the first classification criterion . External aerodynamics
is the study of flow around solid objects of various shapes. Evaluating the lift
and drag on an airplane or the shock waves that form in front of the nose of a
rocket are examples of external aerodynamics. Internal aerodynamics is the
study of flow through passages in solid objects.
 STRUCTURE OF AN AEROPLANE WING
A rounded leading edge cross-section.
A sharp trailing edge cross-section.
Leading-edge device slats.
Trailing-edge devices such as flaps or flaperons (combination of flaps
and ailerons)
Winglets to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and
decreasing lift
Dihedral, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases spiral
stability around the roll axis, whereas anhedral, or a negative wing
angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability
Ailerons (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft clockwise or
counterclockwise about its long axis
DESIGN OF AN AEROPLANE WING
How Does It Work?
 Natural draft cooling tower
-Air movement is regulated without any help of mechanical fan
or regulator and its depend on the height & the size of the tower.

Mechanical draft cooling tower

-Air is regulated by means of mechanical fans. Its further divided in
NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER
two types based on the positioning of the fans.
a. Induced mechanical draft where the fan is located in the top side of the tower.
b .Forced mechanical draft where the fan is bottom side of the tower.

INDUCED MECHANICAL DRAFT

FORCED MECHANICAL DRAFT
 Cross flow configuration
Counter-current flow configuration
Co-current flow configuration

3. Heat transfer based

Dry cooling towers
Wet cooling towers
Wet-dry hybrid cooling towers
Evaporative condenser cooling tower
 Major components of cooling tower
Frame and Casing
Fill
Cold water Basin
Drift eliminators
Air inlet
Louvers
Nozzles/Spray tree
Fan
HVAC TYPE COOLING TOWER SYSTEM INDUSTRIAL COOLING TOWER

FIELD ERECTED COOLING TOWER SYSTEM

PACKAGE TYPE COOLING TOWER
 Design of a Cooling Tower
Some parameters are depend for designing a cooling tower. These are
A. Measured parameters
1.Wet bulb temperature of air.
2.Dry bulb temperature of air.
3.Inlet water temperature.
4.Outlet water temperature.
5.Water mass flow rate.
6. Enthalpy change.
B. Performance parameters
1.Range
2.Approch
3.Effectiveness
4.Cooling capacity
5.Performance coefficient
C. Design parameters
1.Duty coefficient
2.Base area of Tower
3.Height of Tower
4.Diameter of tower
 Heat transfer optimization
Heat transfer is proportional to the surface area of the
over which it occurs.
A splash fill is used to increase the surface area
between the air and the flows.
 Strategies to improve cooling tower
performance
When designing a cooling tower, always use the highest wet-
bulb temperature as reference.
Monitor the range and approach carefully during the design.
High range and low approach leads the good performance.
Improve the quality of water to be cooled by the tower
resulting in low utilization of make-up water.
Regularly monitor the tower for scale build-up & biological
impurities.
Regularly monitor the flow of water and air inside the tower.
 References:
Literature:
1.Kai Wang, Feng- Zhong sun, experimental research of the guiding channels effect on the thermal
performance of wet cooling towers subjected to crosswinds- Air guiding effect on cooling tower, Applied
Thermal Engineering 30(2010) 533-538.
2.Z.Zhai, S.Fu, Improving cooling efficiency of dry cooling towers under cross wind condition by using wind
brake method, Applied Thermal Engineering 26(2006) 1008-1017.
3.Bilal Ahmed Qureshi, Saied M Zubair, A compressive design and performance evolution study of counter
flow wet cooling towers, Internal Journal of Refrigeration 27(2004) 914-923.
4.Wikipedia(images)
Websites:
http://www.cti.org/whatis/coolingtowerdetail.shtml
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com
http://www.coolingtowerproduct.com