APHTAE

EPIZOOTICA
Mata Kuliah Zoonosis
Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner
Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya
Synonym: Penyakit Mulut & Kuku (PMK), Foot and Mouth Disease
(FMD), Aphthosis, Aftosa, Hoof & mouth disease,
Aphthous fever
Etiology: Virus RNA genus : Aphthovirus
Family : Picornaviridae
Terdapat 7 serotype : Tipe A (allemagne),
O (oise), C, SAT1 (south african type),
SAT2, SAT3, dan tipe ASIA.
Mudah mengalami mutasi shg terbentuk
subtype berpengaruh thd kegagalan
proteksi dari vaccine.
SUBTIPE
TIPE O 11 SUBTIPE, TIPE A 32 SUBTIPE, TIPE C 5 SUBTIPE,
TIPE SAT1 7 SUBTIPE, TIPE SAT2 3 SUBTIPE, TIPE SAT3 4
SUBTIPE, TIPE ASIA 3 SUBTIPE.
MASING-MASING ADA PERBEDAAN IMUNOLOGIS.
SEROTIPE DAPAT DIBEDAKAN DENGAN CFT DAN ELISA.
TIPE O PALING LUAS PENYEBARANNYA
TIPE SAT3 PALING SEDIKIT
Genome organization of FMDV
and the structure of virus.
The FMDV genome includes a single large ORF, indicated
by the shaded rectangle.
The regions within the rectangle indicate the individual
proteins.
The 5 UTR includes several distinct structural elements
including: a poly(C) tract (Cn), 3 or 4 pseudoknots (PK)
and the internal ribosome entry site (IRES).
The VPg peptide is made in 3 different forms (encoded
by the 3B1-3) and each acts as the primer for RNA
synthesis so each RNA genome, when synthesized, is
covalently linked to a VPg.
The assembly of virus particles from protomeric and
pentameric subunits is indicated.
Assembled virus particles contain a single copy of the
viral RNA and 60 copies of the 4 different capsid proteins
(VP1-VP4).
Self-assembly of empty capsid particles, lacking the RNA
genome, can also occur. The VP4 protein is internal.
Type A, C & O menyebabkan epizootic di daerah
Amerika selatan, Eropa, Asia dan Afrika
Type SAT1 terdapat di Timur Tengah, Turki, Junani
Type Asia 1 terdapat di benua Asia, Timur Tengah,
Turki, Junani, Israel.
 Geographical distribution of seven pools of foot-and mouth disease viruses.
Serotype O FMDV is the most widely distributed serotype of the virus (in 6 of
the 7 indicated virus pools) whereas, in contrast, SAT3 is only present in pool 6
(within southern Africa).
The Asia-1, SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes also have quite limited geographical
distribution.
However, individual countries can have multiple serotypes in circulation at
the same time and hence it is necessary to be able to determine which
serotype is responsible for an outbreak if vaccination is to be used. Countries
which are normally free of the disease (marked in yellow) can still suffer
incursions of the virus which can have high economic costs.
 Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Distribution and Recent Activity

Free
Present
Recent Activity
1999 2000 2001 (Rev. 3-27-01)
 The FAO/EuFMD/OIE Progressive Control Pathway for FMD.
The status of countries on the PCP-FMD is evaluated according to
defined criteria.
Countries with endemic disease are in stages 0 to 3 while countries
with no endemic disease within livestock are at stage 4 or above.
The image was kindly supplied by EuFMD.
Kejadian pd hewan: Dapat dibagi atas : daerah
bebas, daerah sporadis, daerah enzootik.
Program pemberantasan AE dapat menurunkan
Jumlah kasus, angka penularan dan parahnya
penyakit.
Penyakit pd manusia: AE pd manusia ringan. Masa
inkubasi 2-4 hari dpt sampai 8 hari.
Tanda klinis: anorexia, tachycardia. Timbul visicle
pada kulit dan mukosa mulut lalu virus menyebar
keseluruh tubuh lepuh baru sembuh 1-2 mgg.
Penyakit pada hewan: Merupakan penyakit pada
hewan berkuku belah (cloven hoof animal)
seperti sapi, babi, domba dan kambing.
Masa inkubasi 2 4 hari. Virus mudah beradaptasi
pada satu jenis hewan, contoh strain yang
menyerang sapi, jarang menimbulkan penyakit
pada jenis yang lain (babi, kambing, domba)
kecuali setelah beberapa tahun setelah
mengadaptasikan diri pada host yang baru.
Penyakit ini penting dari segi ekonomis sebab cepat
menyebar luas, angka morbiditas tinggi,
hilangnya produksi, ternak tidak dapat dieksport.
Sumber infeksi dan cara penularan: Hewan
penderita AE menyebarkan virus melalui sekresi
dan ekskresi-nya. Penyebaran virus terjadi sejak
timbulnya lepuh hingga lepuhnya kering (sembuh)
8 10 hari. Titer virus tertinggi terdapat di dalam
cairan lepuh dan juga di dalam air liurnya.
Virus berkembang biak di dalam kelenjar mammae
sehingga dapat diisolasi dari susu.
Virus juga dikeluarkan melalui semen, urine, feses.
jadi penularan terjadi melalui aerosol lalu masuk
melalui pharynx saluran pernafasan.

Manusia bertindak sebagai carrier bagi hewan

Control : Untuk daerah bebas AE - larangan
pemasukan hewan peka AE, produk hewan,
produk lain yang terkontaminasi yg berasal
dari negara tertular.
- Melakukan surveillance epidemiologi pada pos
pemeriksaan hewan, karantinayang dilengkapi
dgn laboratorium diagnostik.
- Negara2 yg bebas AE yang berbatasan dgn
negara tertular mengadakan perjanjian untuk
menutup perbatasannya dan mengkarantina
semua produk hewan dari negara terular tsb. Bila
ditemukan hewan penderita atau yang dicurigai
tertular AE maka hewan tsb harus disembelih.
- Pada daerah tertular harus dilakukan vaksinasi
masal secara teratur sampai angka kejadian
penyakit = 0 ( biasanya vaksinasi dilakukan setiap
4 bulan.
 Clinical Comparisons
Swine Vesicular Foot and Mouth
Disease Disease

Vesicular Stomatitis Vesicular Exanthema

 Clinical Susceptibility
Foot and Swine
Vesicular Vesicular
Mouth Vesicular
Stomatitis Exanthema
Disease Disease

Cattle Yes Yes No No

Pigs Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sheep Yes No ? No No
Horses No Yes No No
Humans Yes Some Could No
Wildlife Many ??? Swine Marine
SIFAT PERTUMBUHAN

BINATANG PERCOBAAN:
MARMUT, INTRADERMAL TAPAK KAKI : LEPUH-
LEPUH
MENCIT 5-7 HARI, INTRAPERITONEAL: PARALISA
KAKI
SAPI, INTRADERMO LINGUAL : LEPUH-LEPUH

KULTUR SEL:
BHK 21, BEK.: CPE {CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT)
Diagnostic Tests
Complement fixation (CF) has been the traditional
test for diagnosis, but has been replaced in many
laboratories by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA), as this is more specific and sensitive.
If the sample is inadequate or the test result
inconclusive, it will be necessary to grow the virus in
cell cultures or in 2-7-day old mice. When a
cytopathic effect (CPE) appears in the cultures, the
fluids can be used in CF tests or ELISAs.
Nucleic acid recognition tests, such as the
polymerase chain reaction, are being used
increasingly as rapid and sensitive diagnostic
methods.
Electron microscopic examination of lesion material
is sometimes useful to differentiate FMD from
disease caused by pox or other viruses.