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Outline
Sedimentology
Sedimentary Processes
Sedimentary Environment & Facies
Stratigraphy
DEFINITION
.
% batuan sedimen di alam
The Goal of Seds. study
Interpret Paleo-env. Deposition
Reconstruct Paleo-geography
Dengan melakukan analisis komposisi batuan
Untuk tujuan eksplorasi
Understand Geometry
Bagian dari identifikasi Reservoir
Predict Rock Quality
Bagian dari karakterisasi Reservoir
No one have ever lived in million years ago, but ...
Assuming that the laws that govern physical, chemical and biological
processes have not changed through time.
SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES
The Type of Sedimentary Rocks
Siliciclastic Coal
terregeneous Evaporite
Dalam industri disebut Chert
clastic saja.
Carbonate Jasper
Volumenya cukup etc. ...
besar
Reservoir minyak
terbesar di dunia.
Sedimentary Processes
Physical processes Chemical processes
Direct precipitation of
Erosion of older rocks minerals
(grains & pebbles) Evaporites
Halite (NaCl), Silvite (KCl)
Siliciclastic
Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone,
Biological processes
Shale, Mudrock
Organisms
Directly ejected from Whole/broken shells, coral reefs, bones and
plant debris
volcanoes.
Microbial filaments
Tuff (?), Volcaniclastic rocks encrusted with shells (CaCO3)
Carbonate, Coal
Sedimentary Material
Sedimentary material is very varied in:
Origin
Size
Shape
Composition
Formation of a body of sediment
Transport and Deposition
Transport agents : Gravity , Water,
Air, Ice
Mass flows
In situ growth
Largely influenced by chemistry,
temperature, and biological character
Chemical product : Evaporites
Biological product : Carbonate
Diagenesa batuan sedimen
Kompaksi
Tekanan lithostatik
Sementasi
Oksida besi, Karbonat
Slatt (2006) p.86
Sedimentology study ...
Texture
Size shape distribution of particles
Traces (jejak) : rain-drop marks, bekas kekeringan, galian binatang, jejak aliran sungai
Structure
Can be determined by individual layers of sediment.
e.g. Ripples (natural or lab. tank)
Carbonaceous
Composition :
Highly altered organic matter
Example : coal and oil shale
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS
AND FACIES
Assuming the laws have not change ...
Physical, chemical and biological conditions assumed as it today.
Batuan Metamorf
Batuan Metamorf Batuan Beku
Sedimentary Environments
Land (Continental)
Sea (Marine)
Shoreline (Transitional)
Affected by:
Active physical and chemical process at that time
Living organisms at that time
Establish a nomenclature of rock units of all ages and correlating them all
around the world
Mountains
Oceans
Transgression and regression
Rise and fall sea level
Evolutionary processes
From the study of fossils found in rock of different ages
Tells us how forms of live have changed through time
Pennsylvanian period
Mississippian period
rian period
439 m.y
65 m.y 1 b.y
57 m.y
510 m.y
570 m.y
Evolution of cells
with nucleus
35 m.y
23 m.y
2 b.y
5 m.y
Oldest
fossil
3 b.y cells
0.01 million
years ago
4.6 billion
4 b.y
years ago
Oldest rocks
dated on Earth
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH
Holocene
epoch
Combination of Seds. and Strats.
Allow us to build up pictures of the Earths
surface at different times in different places and
relate them to each other.
Build up pictures of the palaeogeography.
Establish changes in palaeogeography through
Earth history.
Tips :
To complete the picture, figure how it related to plate tectonics. Because,
(1) mountain building provides the source,
(2) sedimentary basins are in which sediment accumulates.
Next ...
Hjlstrom diagram
Erosion
Deposition