Civil Engineering Department

Government Engineering College

Rajkot
Trigonometric Levelling
Submitted To :
Prof. A. K. Gojiya

Submitted By :
Group C2
 Members of Group C2
Javia Parth(130200106021)
Kachela Raj(130200106023)
Kaklotar Tejas(130200106024)
Kambodi Dipesh(130200106026)
Katariya Darshan(130200106027)
Kher Jaydip(130200106028)
Khokhariya Jenil(130200106029)
Khunt Sagar(130200106030)
Koladiya Jaydeep(130200106031)
Kothari Shrenik(130200106032)
Makvana Anil(130200106033)
Maradia Mit(130200106035)
Marvaniya Dhaval(130200106036)
Marvaniya Milan(130200106037)
Mer Yogesh(130200106038)
Nakrani Arpit(130200106039)
Patel Pallav(130200106041)
Patel Sagar(130200106042)
Barad Rajesh(140203106002)
Index
Introduction

Height and Distances

Base of the Object Accessible

Base of the Object is Not Accessible

Base of the Object Inaccessible

Determination of Height

Direct Levelling on Steep Ground

Indirect Leveling
Introduction

Levelling is a method of determining the relative heights of various

points. In direct levelling, the difference of elevations is determined
using a levelling instrument. Trigonometric levelling is an indirect
method of levelling in which the relative heights of various points are
determined from the vertical angles measured with a theodolite and the
horizontal distances measured with a tape. The height of an object
above the plane of collimation from the observation. Thus, trigonometric
levelling is an indirect method of levelling in which the different in
elevation of the points is determined from the observation vertical
angles and measured distance.
Height and Distances
When the distances between the stations is not large, the distances
between the stations measured on the surface of earth or computed
trigonometrically may be assumed as a plane distance and the amount of
correction due to curvature of the earth surface, is ignored. Depending
upon the field conditions and the measurements that can be made with
the instruments available, the following three cases are involved:

Case 1 Base of the object is accessible

Case 2 Base of the object inaccessible and instrument stations and

the elevated object are in the same vertical plane.

Case 3 Base of the object inaccessible and instrument stations and

the elevated object are not in the same vertical plane.
Base of the Object Accessible
Let it be assumed that the horizontal distance between the instrument and
the object can be measured accurately. Let us considered a high object, such
as a chimney. let as assume that the base Q of a chimney is assible and the
horizontal distance D between the instrument station P and Q can be
measured using a tap.
 Let D=horizontal distance between P and Q
h=reading on the leveling staff held vertically on bench mark with line of sight
horizontal
= angle of elevation for top R
H.I.=height of instrument above ground
R be the top of chimney whose elevation is required
R.L. of instrument axis =R.L. of B.M.+ h, where h is staff reading on the staff held
vertically on the B.M.
If the line of collimation intersects the chimney at R,the distance OR is equal to
horizontal distance D.
In triangle ORR,
RR=Dtan H=Dtan
There for the R.L. of the top of the chimney is given by
R.L. of R=R.L. of B.M.+h+Dtan
If the R.L. of the instrument stations P is given, the R.L. of the instrument axis
can be determine as.
R.L of instrument axis =R.L. of P+H.I. where H.I. is height of the instrument .
 Similarly , if the observation is made
from R. we get , PP1 = Dtan
The true different in elevation is PP2.
Hence we conclude that if the
combine correction for curvature and
refraction is to be applied linearly ,
its sign is proactively for the angle of
elevation and negative for angle od
depression.
As in leveling , the combined
correction for curvature and
reflection in linear measurement is
given by
C = 0.06735D2
Where D is in kilometers
Thus , R.L. of R = R.L. of B.M. + h+
Dtan +C
Base of the Object is Not Accessible
Base of the Object Inaccessible

When the instrument is shifted to the nearby place and the observations are
taken from the same level of the line of sight:

In such case we have to take the two angular observations of the vertical
angles. The instrument is shifted to a nearby place of known distance, and
then with the known distance between these two and the angular
observations from these two stations, we can find the vertical difference in
distance between the line of sight of the instrument and the top point of the
object.
Determination of Height
Direct Levelling on Steep Ground

If the ground is quite steep the method of indirect levelling can be used with
advantage.

The following procedure can be used to determine the difference of elevations

between P and R
Steps
Set up the instrument at a convenient station O1 on the line PR

Make the line of collimation roughly parallel to the slope of the ground clamp
the telescope

Take a back sight PP on the staff held at P. also measure the vertical angle
1 to P determine R.L. of P + PP

Take a foresight QQ on the staff held at the turning point Q, without

changing the vertical angle 1 . Measure the slope

Distance PQ between P and Q

R.L. of Q = RL of P + PQ sin 1 QQ
 Shift the instrument to the station O2 midway between Q and R. make the
lien of collimation roughly parallel to the slope of the grounds clamp the
telescope

Take a back sight QQ on the staff held at the turning point Q measure
the vertical angle 2

R.L of R = R.L. of Q + QQ

Take a foresight RR on the staff held at the point R without changing the
vertical angle 2 measure the sloping distance QR

R.L. of R = R.L. OF Q + QR sin2 RR

Thus R.L. of R = (R.L. of P + PP +PQ SIN 1 QQ) + QQ +(QR sin 2-RR)

Indirect Leveling

Trigonometric or indirect levelling is the process of levelling in which

elevation of points are computed from the vertical angles and horizontal
distance measure in the field just as length of any side in any triangle can be
computed from proper trigonometric relation.

In a modified from stadia levelling commonly used in mapping both the

different in elevation and horizontal distance between the point are directly
computed from measure vertical angle and staff reading.
Types of Indirect Levelling

Indirect Levelling

On A Rough Terrain On A Steep Slope

 Indirect Leveling On A Rough Terrain

On a rough terrain, indirect

levelling can be used to
determine the difference
of elevations of two points
which are quite apart.

Let difference of elevation

of two points P and Q is
required..



Limitations

Indirect levelling is not as accurate as direct levelling with a levelling

instrument. This method is used in rough country.

If backsight and foresight distances are approximately equal, the

effectof curvature and refraction is eliminated.
Indirect Levelling On A Steep Slope

If the ground is quite steep,

the method of indirect
levelling can be used with
advantage.

The following procedure can

be used to determine the
difference of elevations and
between P and R.
Steps: