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 Agenda
2

DL synchronization

PCI determination

MIB and SIB processing

System selection
 3

Steps of System Acquisition

 4

Initial Procedure

System
Cell Search & Random
Information
Selection Access
Receive

Switch On
Initial Procedure
5

UE Capability
UE Category
Frequency Band
Sync Signal Sequence
General MIMO Parameter
Duplex Mode

SIM
Network Operator's PLMN list
Subscription Information
 6

Cell Search

Frequency Acquisition
UE search the center frequency by searching DC part
Decode BCH which occupies 62 subcarriers (6 RBs) at the center frequency.
BCH tells the frequency information of the system (eg. System Frequency Bandwidth)

Time Sync Process

UE decode Primary sync (PSS) with three different Primary Sync Sequence and figure out which sequence is
assigned for the cell and obtain the primary time sync as well.
Apply the primary sync sequence (PSS) with the Secondary Sync code (SSS) and figure out which sequence is
assigned for the cell.
 7

Synchronization Signals

Both the FDD and TDD versions of LTE broadcast Synchronization Signals in the downlink direction:
o Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)
o Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)
Synchronization Signals are broadcast within every 10 ms radio frame
The UE uses the Synchronization Signals to:
o Achieve radio frame, sub-frame, slot and symbol synchronization in the time domain
o Identify the center of the channel bandwidth in the frequency domain
o Deduce the Physical layer Cell Identity (PCI)
Detecting the Synchronization Signals is a prerequisite to measuring the cell specific Reference Signals and
decoding the Master Information Block (MIB) on the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
 8
Find Cell

Possible planning of the 504 sequences:

3 (orthogonal) X 168 (pseudo-random)

= 504
Physical layer
cell identity
Cells belonging to the same Node-B get (1 out of 504)
the 3 different cell IDs from the same
group

Cells belonging to different Node-Bs get

the different cell IDs from different
groups

Cell Groups 0 1 167

Cell IDs
0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
 9

P-SS
The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) is broadcast twice during every radio frame and both transmissions are
identical
o The PSS is broadcast using the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the last symbol of time slots 0 and 10
The PSS is used to:
o Achieve sub-frame, slot and symbol synchronization in the time domain
o Identify the center of the channel bandwidth in the frequency domain
o Deduce a pointer towards 1 of 3 Physical layer Cell Identities (PCI)
PCI are organized into 168 groups of 3 so the Primary Synchronization Signal identifies the position of the
PCI within the group but does not identify the group itself
The PSS cannot be used to achieve radio frame synchronization because both transmissions within the radio frame
are identical and equally spaced in time
 10

S-SS

The Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) is broadcast twice within every radio frame. The two transmissions of the
SSS are different so the UE can detect which is the first and which is the second
In the case of FDD:
o The SSS is broadcast using the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the second to last symbol of time slots 0 and 10
In the case of TDD:
o The SSS is broadcast using the central 62 subcarriers belonging to the last symbol of time slot 1 (sub-frame 0) and
the last symbol of time slot 11 (sub-frame 5)
o Both time slots 1 and 11 are always within normal downlink sub-frames
The SSS is used to:
o Achieve radio frame synchronization
o Deduce a pointer towards 1 of 168 Physical layer Cell Identity (PCI) groups
Allows the PCI to be deduced when combined with the pointer from the PSS
 11
PSS and SSS location in FDD

10ms Radio frame

2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10

1ms Subframe
SSS

PSS
0.5ms (One slot)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Normal CP

1 2 3 4 5 6 Extended CP

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in time domain in the
FDD case
PSS and SSS are transmitted in the last and the second last
symbol of slot 0 and slot 10 respectively
 12
PSS and SSS location inTDD

10ms Radio frame

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1ms Subframe
SSS

PSS
1 ms TTI (two slots = 20.5ms)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Normal CP

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extended CP

PSS and SSS frame and slot structure in time domain in the
TDD case
PSS is transmitted on 3rd symbol of slot 2 and slot 12
SSS is transmitted on last symbol of slot 1 and slot 11
 13

PSS and SSS in Resource Grid

PSS and SSS Frame in Frequency and Time Domain for FDD Case

Frequency

6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz

SSS

(minimum LTE Bandwidth)

PSS

Reference signals

Unused RE

5 ms repetition Time
period

10 ms Radio frame

One subframe (1 ms)

 14

PSS and SSS in Resource Grid

 15

PCI Determination
1. PSS Primary Synchronisation Signal

(Time-slot & Frequency synchronisation

+ Physical cell id (0,1,2) )

2. SSS Secondary Synchronisation Signal

(Frame synchronisation
UE
+ Physical Cell id group (1..168) )
eNodeB

Physical Cell Identities

 16

DL Reference Signals
Three types of downlink reference signals are defined:
Cell-specific reference signals (CRS)
MBSFN reference signals
UE-specific reference signals (Dedicated RS)
There is one reference signal transmitted per downlink antenna port.
REs used for RS transmission on any of the antenna ports in a slot shall not be used

Used for:

1) DL channel quality measurements

2) DL channel estimation for coherent demodulation at the UE
1) Too many signals reduce the DL capacity
2) Too less signals may be not be enough for channel estimation
3) Easy to be found by UEs

Like CPICH (Common Pilot Channel) in UMTS

 DL Reference Signals
17

First slot Second slot

Frequency

These are used in two ways:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
In Frequency: 1
reference symbol to To provide the mobile an amplitude and
every 6th subcarrier
phase reference for use in channel
In one RB (resource
block = 12 estimation.
subcarriers): every
3rd subcarrier
The mobile will use them to measure the
received signal power as a function of
frequency and to calculate the channel
Reference signal quality indicators.

Time
In Time is fixed: 2 reference symbols
per Time slot (Sy 0 & Sy 4)
Cell-specific Reference Signals in Case of Multi-Antenna
18

Transmission

Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1

Reference signal Unused symbol

 19

Different Reference Signals Frequency Shift

This basic pattern is offset in the frequency

domain, to minimize interference between
the reference signals transmitted from
nearby cells.
The sub-carrier offset is:
4 Port DL Reference Signals 20

Even Slot Odd Slot

Port 0
R0 R0 Reference
Signal

Port 0 R0 R0

R0 R0

Not used on
R0 R0 this port

R1 R1

Port 1
R1 R1 Reference
Port 1
eNodeB Signal

R1 R1

R1 R1
4 Port DL Reference Signals 21

Even Slot Odd Slot

R2

Port 2
Reference
Port 2 R2 Signal

R2
Not used
on this port

R2

R3

R3
Port 3
eNodeB

R3
Port 3
Reference
Signal
R3
 22

PBCH Design Criteria

Detectable without the knowledge of system Bandwidth

Mapped to the central 72 subcarriers

Over 4 symbols

During second slot of each frame

Low system overhead & good coverage

Send minimum information only the MIB (Master Information Block)

SIBs (System Information Blocks) are sent on PDSCH

MIB (Master Information Block) content:

DL system Bandwidth

PHICH configuration (PHICH group number)

System frame number SFN

 23
PBCH Mapping
Slot Slot
0 1

Frequency
6 RBs 72 subcarriers = 1.4 MHz
(minimum LTE Bandwidth)
SSS

PSS

Reference signals

Unused RE

PBCH

Time

First subframe (1 ms)

 24

PBCH Repetition Pattern

one radio frame = 10 ms

72 subcarriers

Repetition Pattern of PBCH = 40 ms

 25

PBCH
The base station transmits the master information block on the broadcast channel and the physical broadcast channel.

The master information block contains the downlink bandwidth and the eight most significant bits of the 10-bit system
frame number.

It also contains a quantity known as the PHICH configuration, which indicates the resource elements that the base
station has reserved for the physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel.

The base station maps the master information block across four successive frames, beginning in frames where the
system frame number is a multiple of four. When using a normal cyclic prefix, it transmits the physical broadcast
channel on the central 72 subcarriers, using the first four symbols of slot 1.
 26

PBCH
No explicit bits in the PBCH to signal the number of TX antennas at the eNB
PBCH encoding chain includes CRC masking dependent on the number of configured TX antennas at the eNodeB
PBCH is mapped into RE assuming RS from 4 antennas are used at the eNB transmitter, irrespective of the actual
number of TX antenna

TX diversity scheme
336 hypotheses on SSC, and SFBC based TX diversity scheme
For 2 TX antennas SFBC
For 4 TX antennas based on SFBC + FSTD
No antenna information carried on SSC for SFBC
 MIB
27

MIB is special signal that carries the following information. As you see, you can get the System Bandwidth and SFN by
decoding MIB.

DL Bandwidth, Number of Transmit Antenna, Reference Signal Transmit Power

System Frame Number (SFN)
PHICH Configuration
Transmit every 40 ms , repeat every 10 ms
 PCFICH
28

PCFICH(Physical Control Format Indicator Channel)

It carries the number of symbols that can be used for control channels (PDCCH and PHICH).
Mapped to the first OFDM symbol in each of the downlink sub-frame. This contains the information on
number of OFDM symbols for PDCCH and PHICH symbol duration received from the PBCH. UE decode
this channel to figure out how many OFDM symbols are assigned for PDCCH
It is 16 data subcarriers of the first OFDM symbol of the sub-frame.
PCFICH data is carried by 4 REGs and these four REGs are evenly distributed across the whole band
regardless of the bandwidth.
The exact position of PCFICH is determined by cell ID and bandwidth.
 29

PCFICH
CFI (Control format indication)
Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1, 2 or 3)
used for transmission of PDCCHs in a subframe.
PCFICH carries CFI.
The number of bits: 32 bits
Cell-specific scrambling prior to modulation.
Modulation: QPSK
16 RE Resource Elements distributed in frequency
Mapping to resource elements: four groups of four contiguous
REs not used for RS in the first OFDM symbol
o Spread over the whole system bandwidth
o Same mapping for 1, 2 and 4 antennas
 30

PCFICH Structure
2 input bits are enough to signal the PDCCH size: 1, 2 or 3 symbols
4

2 bits 32 bits 32 bits

Rate 1/16 QPSK
block code Scrambling modulation 16
symbols 4

72 subcarriers
D.C.

One Resource
Element Group 4
(REG) = 4 RE

PCFICH resource elements

Resource elements reserved for 4
reference symbols

Time
 PDCCH
31

PDCCH(Physical Downlink Control Channel)

Mapped to the first L OFDM symbols in each of the downlink sub-frame.
Number of the symbols (L) for PDCCH can be 1,2, or 3.
Number of the symbols for PDCCH is specified by PCFICH
PDCCH carries DCIs and the DCI carries Transport format, resource allocation, H-ARQ information
related to DL-SCH, UL-SCH and PCH.
PDCCH also carries DCI 0 which is for UL Scheduling assignment (e.g., UL Grants).
Multiple PDCCH are supported and a UE monitors a set of control channels.
Modulation Scheme is QPSK.
PDCCH is like HS-SCCH for HSDPA and PDCCH for R99, E-AGCH/E-RGCH for HSUPA
Even though PDCCH has a lot of functions, not all of them are used at the same time so PDCCH
configuration should be done flexibly.
 PDSCH
32

PDSCH(Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

Carries user specific data (DL Payload).
Carries Random Access Response Message.
It is using AMC with QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM
 33

System Information
System Information ( )

MIB
Sent on PBCH!
40 ms repetition UE

MIB: Master Information Block eNodeB

SIB: System Information Block
SFN: System Frame Number
SIB 1
Fixed repetition 80 ms
Indicates the allocation of the other
SIBs 2...13

SIB 2 SIB 3 SIB 4 SIB 13

 34

Example of mapping to channels

MIB SIB1 SIB2 SIB3 SIB4 SIB5

SI SI

BCCH BCCH BCCH

BCH DL-SCH DL-SCH

TTI= 40 TTI=80 TTI= 160 TTI= 320

PBCH PDSCH PDSCH

 SIB Types
35

After initial cell synchronization and reading Master information block, UE will proceed to read system information
blocks to obtain important cell access related parameters.
 36

PLMN selection

PLMN Selection

When an UE is switched on, it attempts to make contact with a PLMN. The selection of the PLMN could be either
automatically or manually.
Automatic mode: Utilizes a list of PLMN to be selected in priority order.
Manual mode: The mobile station indicates available PLMN to the user.

Normally the UE operates on its home PLMN. At home PLMN, the MCC & MNC match with PLMN identity stored in
USIM.

If the UE loses its present PLMN coverage, a new available PLMN is selected automatically or manually.
 37

PLMN selection

PLMN A PLMN C
MCC=**, MNC=XX MCC=**, MNC=YY
PLMN B
MCC=**, MNC=ZZ

USIM card

IMSI=MCC+MNC+MSIN

IMSI format
MCC MNC MSIN
3 digits 2~3 digits (Mobile Subscriber Identity Number)
Maximum 10 digits
 38
Network and Cell Selection

Power on

PLMN
PLMN Selection
and Reselection

PLMN PLMN
selected available

Registration
response
Cell selection
and
Reselection

Registration

Location
registration
 39
Cell Selection And Reselection
To get service from the selected PLMN, the UE performs two types of procedures cell selection and cell reselection

Optional:
System information /
measurement control:
-PLMN identity
-Cell information

Initial Selection
- Carrier 1: strongest cell
Carrier 2: strongest cell
Carrier i .
Stored Information Selection
- Previous information
- Previous detections
 40

Cell Selection Criterion

The cell selection criterion S is fulfilled when:
E-UTRAN Cells: Srxlev > 0
UTRAN Cells: Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
GSM Cells: Srxlev > 0
where:
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)
where:
Cell Selection
41
Cell Selection
42
 43

HAPPY LEARNING

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