CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

University Institute of Engineering

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Unit-1
Harbinder Singh
Assistant Professor
ECE Deptt
 A
Brief Review to Concepts
of
EMFT
What is Electromagnetics
Fundamental Laws of
Electromagnetics
Fundamental Electromagnetic Field
Quantities
Three Universal Constants
 Scalar and Vector Fields

A scalar field is a function that gives us a single value

of some variable for every point in space.
Examples: voltage, current, energy, temperature

A vector is a quantity which has both a magnitude and

a direction in space.
Examples: velocity, momentum, acceleration and force
Examples of Vector Fields
Examples of Vector Fields
Examples of Vector Fields
 Vector Representation
z
z1

Z plane
Unit (Base) vectors

x plane e
A unit vector aA along A is a vector plan
y
whose magnitude is unity z y y1
x Ay
y
A Ax
a x1
A
x
Unit vector properties
x y z
x x y y z z 1
y z x
x y y z z x 0
z x y
 Vector Representation

z
Vector
representation z1
A xAx yAy zAz
Z plane
Magnitude of A
A( x1 , y1 , z1 )
x plane e
Az plan
A A A Ax2 Ay2 Az2 z y
y
y1
x y
Ay
Position vector A Ax
x1

xx1 yy1 zz1 x

 Cartesian Coordinates
z

Dot product:

A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz Az A
B

Cross product: y
Ay
Ax

x y z x

A B Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
 Multiplication of vectors
Two different interactions (whats the difference?)
Scalar or dot product :
A B | A || B | cos B A
the calculation giving the work done by a force during a
displacement
work and hence energy are scalar quantities which arise from the
multiplication of two vectors
if AB = 0 A
The vector A is zero
The vector B is zero
= 90 B
 Vector or cross product
A B | A || B | sin n

n is the unit vector along the normal to the plane containing A and B and its positive
direction is determined as the right-hand screw rule
A B B A
the magnitude of the vector product of A and B is equal to the area of the parallelogram
formed by A and B
if there is a force F acting at a point P with position vector r relative to an origin O, the
moment of a force F about O is defined by :

if A x B = 0
The vector A is zero A
The vector B is zero
= 0

B
Commutative law :
A B B A
A B B A
Distribution law :
A (B C) A B A C
A (B C) A B A C

Associative law :
A BC D ( A B)(C D)
A BC ( A B )C
A B C ( A B) C
A ( B C ) ( A B) C
 Unit vector relationships
It is frequently useful to resolve vectors into components
along the axial directions in terms of the unit vectors i, j, and
k.
i j j k k i 0 A Ax i Ay j Az k
i i j j k k 1 B Bx i B y j Bz k

ii j j k k 0 A B Ax Bx Ay B y Az Bz
i j k i j k
jk i A B Ax Ay Az
k i j Bx By Bz
 Scalar triple product
A B C
The magnitude of A B C is the volume of the parallelepiped with edges parallel to
A, B, and C.

AB
C
B

A B C A B C B C A B C A C A B [ A, B, C ]
 Vector triple product
A B C
The vector A B is perpendicular to the plane of A and B. When the further vector
product with C is taken, the resulting vector must be perpendicular to A B and
hence in the plane of A and B :
( A B ) C mA nB where m and n are scalar constants to be determined.

m C B
C ( A B ) C mC A nC B 0
n C A

( A B ) C (C B ) A (C A) B
Since this equation is valid
for any vectors A, B, and C
Let A = i, B = C = j: AB
C
1 B

( A B) C ( A C ) B ( B C ) A A
A ( B C ) ( A C ) B ( A B )C
 Coordinate Systems

RECTANGULAR
Choice is based on
symmetry of problem
CYLINDRICAL

SPHERICAL
Examples:
Sheets - RECTANGULAR

Wires/Cables - CYLINDRICAL

Spheres - SPHERICAL
 Coordinate Systems
z
P(x,y,z)

Cartesian / Rectangular Coordinates y

P (x,y,z) x

z
z
P(r, , z)
Cylindrical Coordinates
P (r, , z) r y
x

z
Spherical Coordinates
P(r, , )
r
P (r, , )

y
x
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Rectangular Coordinate System
z
a z Unit Vector
Representation
for Rectangular
Coordinate
System

a x a y

x
The Unit Vectors imply :

a x Points in the direction of increasing x

a y Points in the direction of increasing y

a z Points in the direction of increasing z

 VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Cylindrical Coordinate System
z
r a z
P
af
z

ar
x f y

The Unit Vectors imply :

ar Points in the direction of increasing r

af Points in the direction of increasing j

a z Points in the direction of increasing z

 Cylindrical Coordinates
( , , z)
radial distance in x-y plane 0r
azimuth angle measured from the positive
x-axis 0 2
A1
Z z

Vector representation

A zA
A a A A z
Base
Vectors

Magnitude of A
Base vector properties
A A A A2 A2 Az2
z,
Position vector A
z ,
1 zz1
z
 Cylindrical Coordinates
Dot product:

A B Ar Br Af Bf Az Bz

B A
Cross product:

r f z

A B Ar Af Az
Br Bf Bz
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Spherical Coordinate System

z af
P
ar
r

a
f y
x

The Unit Vectors imply :

ar Points in the direction of increasing r

a Points in the direction of increasing

af Points in the direction of increasing j

 Spherical Coordinates
(R, , )
Vector representation

A R AR A fAf

Magnitude of A

A A A AR2 A2 Af2

Position vector A

R R1
Base vector properties

R , R , R
 Spherical Coordinates.

Dot product:

A B AR BR A B Af Bf

Cross product:

R f

A B AR A Af
BR B Bf
 VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT
VECTORS
Summary
RECTANGULAR CYLINDRICAL SPHERICAL
Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate
Systems Systems Systems

a
x ay az a
r af az a
r a af

NOTE THE ORDER!

r,f, z r, ,f
 METRIC COEFFICIENTS

1. Rectangular Coordinates:

Unit is in meters

When you move a small amount in x-direction, the distance is dx

In a similar fashion, you generate dy and dz

 Cartesian Coordinates

Differential quantities:

Differential
distance:
dl xdx y dy zdz
Differential surface:

dsx xdydz

dsy ydxdz

dsz zdxdy
Differential Volume:

dv dxdydz
 Cylindrical Coordinates:

y Differential Distances:
Distance = r df
( dr, rdf, dz )

df
r

x
 Cylindrical Coordinates:
Differential Distances: ( d, rdf, dz )

dl d a df af dz az
Differential Surfaces:

d s d f dz a

d sf d dz a f

d s z d f d a z

Differential Volume:
 Spherical Coordinates:

y Differential Distances:
Distance = r sin df
( dr, rd, r sin df )
z
df
r sin P
x
r

f y
x
 Spherical Coordinates
dlR dR
Differential quantities:

Length:
dl Rd

dl R dlR
dl

dl dl R sin d
R dR Rd
R sin d

Area:

dsR R dl dl R R 2 sin dd
dl dl R sin dRd
ds R
dlR dl RdRd
ds

Volume:

dv R 2 sin dRdd
 METRIC COEFFICIENTS

Representation of differential length dl in coordinate systems:

rectangular
dl dx ax dy ay dz az

cylindrical dl dr ar r df af dz az

spherical dl dr ar rd a r sin df af
 AREA INTEGRALS
integration over 2 delta distances dy

dx
Example:
y
7 6

6
AREA = dy
3 2
dx = 16

2 Note that: z = constant

3 7 In this course, area & surface integrals will be

x
on similar types of surfaces e.g. r =constant
or f = constant or = constant et c.

d s dx dy a z
 DIFFERENTIALS FOR INTEGRALS

Example of Line differentials

dl dx a x or dl dr a r or dl rd f af

Example of Surface differentials

d s dx dy a z or d s rd f dz a r

Example of Volume differentials dv dx dy dz

 Coordinate Transformation
z z
P(r, , )
Cartesian Coordinates P(x,y,z)
r P(x,y,z) y

y x
x

Spherical Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates

P(r, , ) z P(r, , z)

z
P(r, , z)

r y
x
 Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformation
(x, y, z) to (r,,)

A r A x cos f A y sin f
Af A x sin f A y cos f
Az Az
r x2 y 2
f tan 1 ( y / x)
zz

r x cos f y sin f
f x sin f y cos f
z z
Cartesian to Cylindrical

Vectoral Transformation
 Cartesian to Spherical
(x, y, z) to (r,,)

(r,,) to (x, y, z)
Cartesian to Spherical

Vectoral Transformation
 Reference
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