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Radiative Transfer

Dr. Craig Clements


San Jos State University

MET 60: Chapter: 4


(W&H) and 2 (Stull)
Energy transmission

There are three modes of energy transmission


in the atmosphere.
Conduction: the transfer of energy in a substance by
means of molecular excitation without any net external
motion.
Convection: the transfer of energy by mass motions
within a fluid or gas, resulting in actual transport of
energy.
Radiation: the propagation of electromagnetic waves
through space.
Conduction
Convection
Electromagnetic radiation

Radiation is the transfer of energy by rapid oscillations


of electromagnetic fields.

The most important general characteristic is its


Defined as the crest-to-crest distance
wavelength (), ______________________________.

Radiation travels through space at the speed of light


(3 x 108 m s-1) or 670,616,630 MPH.
The Spectrum of Radiation
Electromatic radiation may be viewed as an ensemble of
waves propagating at the speed of light (c*=2.998 x 108 m/s
through vacuum).

As for any wave with a known speed of propagation,


frequency ~, wavelength , and wave number, (i.e., the
number of waves per unit length in the direction of
propagation) are interdependent. Wave number is the
reciprocal of wavelength

1/
~
c * c * /
The electromagnetic radiation in a specific direction
passing through a unit area (normal to direction
considered) is called:

monochromatic radiance (or spectral intensity or


monochromatic radiance)

The integral of the monochromatic intensity over some


finite range of electromagnetic spectrum is called the
intensity or radiance, I [W m-2]

2 2
I I d I d
1 1
Spectrum of Monochromatic Intensity
(theoretical)

The Spectrum
I

1 2
Wavelength,
Radiation
What emits radiation?
All objects with a temperature greater than
0K emit some type of radiation (energy)
Examples:

Radiation laws:

Warmer objects emit more intensely than cold


objects. (Stefan-Boltzmann Law)

Warmer objects emit a higher proportion of


their energy at short wavelengths than cold
objects. (Wiens Law)
Wiens Law: =w/T
= maximum wavelength (m)
w = constant = 0.2897 (m K)
T= temperature of the object (K)

Stefan-Boltzmann Law: E = T4
E = radiation emitted (W m-2)
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant= 5.67 x 10-8 (W m-2 K-4)
T= temperature of the object (K)
Review questions

Considering the previous discussion


Which object would emit more (intensity) radiation:
Earth or Sun?
Sun
If you were examining the radiation emitted by both
the Sun and Earth, which would have a longer
wavelength?
Earth
What wavelength radiation are you emitting right
now?
infrared
Solar Radiation (Sunlight)

Sunlight is primarily made up of the


following: Unit: 1 m =
Visible Light (44%)
Infrared Radiation (48%) 0.000001 m
Ultraviolet Radiation (7%)
Terrestrial or Longwave Radiation

Planets mainly emit


Terrestrial
infrared radiation Solar Radiation
Radiation
Radiation emitted by (Shortwave)
(Longwave)
planets occurs
mainly at
longer
wavelengths _____
than those
contained in solar
radiation
Solar vs. Terrestrial Radiation

The sun is much


hotter than planets;
therefore, sunlight
consists of shorter
wavelengths than
planetary radiation;
Thus
Energy from the Sun

Obviously, the Sun provides the Earth with its energy.


The question is, how much of the Suns energy does
the Earth get?

Suns energy is either


Scattered (reflected away) or
Absorbed

Scattering happens by bouncing off


Particles in the atmosphere
Earths surface
Absorption happens when certain gases absorb the
energy
The reality is the only certain gases absorb certain
wavelengths.
Absorption of radiation

Absorption of shortwave radiation by atmospheric


gas molecules is fairly weak;

most absorption of shortwave radiation occurs


at the Earths surface.

Most gases do not interact strongly with longwave


radiation, however

Greenhouse gas molecules absorb certain


wavelengths of longwave radiation.
Absorption of
Radiation in the
Earths
Atmosphere
Incoming solar radiation

Each beam of incoming sunlight can be either:


Reflected back to space: Albedo
Clouds
Atmosphere
Surface
Or absorbed; either by atmosphere (e.g.
clouds or ozone) or Earths surface.
Recap

Shortwave or solar radiation comes from the sun


______________
and is composed of both ultraviolet and visible
radiation
Longwave, terrestrial or infrared
__________________ radiation comes from
the Earth and is composed of infrared radiation

Recall that everything (above a temperature of


0K) emits some type of radiation (energy) with
a particular wavelength.
Review - sensors that measure radiation

Pyranometer
A _________________ measures solar
radiation.

A__________________
Pyrgeometer measures infrared
radiation (terrestrial) that comes from the Earth.

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