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2016
SPECTRUM DISEASES IN NEPHROLOGY
Water,electrolyte,acid-base disorders
Urinary infections
Nephrolithiasis
Glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, tubulointerstitial
nephritis
Hypertension
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
Dialysis
Kidney transplant
Clinical Presentations of Glomerular Disease
Asymptomatic
Proteinuria 150 mg to 3 g per day
Hematuria > 2 red blood cells per high-power field (>10x106 cells/L)
in spun urine (red blood cells usually dysmorphic)
+ Hematuria
NONPURE
+ Hypertension
+ Uremia Biasanya non MCN
Nephrotic syndrome causes
(primary :idiopathic ; secondary : evidence the causes)
60 MCGN
9,8
50
MEMBRANOUS
19,7
40
76
30 FSGS 11,8
20
MINIMAL 22
10 CHANGES
ALL
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ALL
CHILDREN AGE AT ONSET OF NS ADULTS
Cohen AH, Glassock RJ; 1999
Percentage of primary glomerular diseases distributed by age
group in patient presenting with nephrotic syndrome
Histopathologic diagnosis Age 15-35 years Age 36-50 years Age >50 years
N=75 (%) N=45 (%) N=37 (%)
MCD 21.3 8.9 16.2
Plasma colloid
oncotic pressure
Starling forces
Plasma volume Plasma volume
normal/
Renin-
angiotensin
system activated
Vasopressin Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic
Peptide (ANP) Vasopressin
ANP Aldosterone
normal/low normal
* The kidney is relatively resistant
Sodium * to ANP in this setting, so it has
Water little effect in countering retention
retention
retention
Edema Feehally J, Johnson RJ;2000
Schematic Representation of a Normal Glomerular Lobe
Epithelial Cell Foot Process
Basement membrane
Endothelial Cell
Mesangial Cell
Mesangial Matrix
% of
Adults Children
Cure/ESRD
Primary GN 75% 95%
% of
Primary GN (cont.) Adults Children
Cure/ESRD
MPGN 3-5% 1% 33/20
Consider :
Alports disease
Or
Fabrys disease
EXAMINE
SEROLOGY
Al-Haidary A, van Wyck DB; 1998
EXAMINATION SEROLOGY
RENAL BIOPSY
Treat as
Histology
Type Good Respon No Respon
Treatment of Infections
Use appropriate antibiotics
Dipyridamole and Warfarin Plus Regimen
Dipyridamole
anti-platelet & anti-PDGF
75 100 mg 3x/day
Warfarin
anti-thrombotic
1 3 mg
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
Cholesterol is toxic to mesangial cells
Use Statin
Serum albumin should be > 3.0 g/dl
Thye WK; 1999
Treatment Reducing
of
Hypertension Proteinuria
BP
Filtered
GCP Proteins
Efferent
Arteriole
EAR
Mesangial
hypercellularity
Focal segmental
IgM Dense
glomerulosclerosis
Deposit
(FSGS)
disease
Mason PD; 2000
Percentage of steroid responsiveness in distinct primary
nephrotic syndrome (adult)