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By : Maam Lalaine Sibayan

Illustrate a random variables (discrete and continuous)


Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable
Find the possible values of a random variable
Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties
States and explain the properties of a discrete probability distribution (or a
probability mass function)
Construct the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and
its corresponding histogram
Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable
Illustrate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability distribution
Stochastic variable
Rule that assigns a numerical value or
characteristics to an outcome of an experiment
Classified as discrete or continuous depending
on whether the value is obtained by counting
or by measurements.
Takes on countable number of distinct values,
which are whole numbers such as
0,1,2,3,4,5.
Assumes an infinite number of possible values
including the decimals between two counting
numbers.
Example:
A fair coin is tossed thirty times and the number
of times X that a tail appears is a discrete random
variable since its possible values may be determined by
counting i.e., 0,1,2,3,4,30.
the set of all values possible for a given random
variable.
Example
A pair of dice is thrown and the random variable Y is defined
such that Y gives the sum of the two numbers that appear.
Determine the following:
a. Range space c. Y(4,6)
b. Y(3,2) d. Y(1,3)
Solution

The range space is the set of all possible


sums (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12). Thus Y
(3,2) = 5 and Y (1,3) = 4.
If you have a random variable and you know all the
possible values that the variable can take on, you can
easily determine the probability that the random
variable will have a particular value.
Example
Consider the random event of tossing four coins and the variable X
gives the number of heads that appear. Your range space, then, will
be set (0,1,2,3,4,). You know that there are 16 possible outcomes as
follows:

NUMBERS OF HEADS (X) 0 1 2 3 4

Probability (P(X) 0.0625 0.25 0.375 0.25 0.0625


Probability Mass Function
Is a table that gives a list of probability values along with their
associated value in the range of a discrete random variable.
Note from the previous probability mass function that the
following properties are observed given that pi are the individual
probabilities for each value (xi) of the random variable:
1. Each probability values ranges from 0 to 1, in symbols,
0 < pi < 1.
2. The sum of all the individual probabilities in the distribution is
equal to 1.
=
1+ 2+ 3 + + =1

=1
Histogram is also using in probability mass function in which the horizontal
axis represents the values of the random variable X and the verticle axis
gives the corresponding probabilities, P(X).
Example
Below is the related histogram of the random variable X (showing a
head after tossing four coins.)
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5
Example
A card is drawn from a deck of 20 cards (i.e., all the cards
numbered 1 to 5 in a standard deck) and the random variable W
gives the number on the card. Construct the probability mass
function and its corresponding histogram.
Solution:
The range space is the set (1,2,3,4,5).
P(W= 1) = 4 = 1 =0.2
20 5
P(W= 2) = 4 = 1 =0.2 NUMBERS OF 0 1 2 3 4
20 5 HEADS (X)
P(W= 3) = 4 = 1 =0.2 Probability 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
20 5 (P(X)
P(W= 4) = 4 = 1 =0.2
20 5
P(W= 5) = 4 = 1 =0.2
20 5
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5
The mean u of a discrete random variable is the central value or
average of its corresponding probability mass function.

= ()
=1
Where Xi is the ith outcome and P(Xi) is the probability of the ith
outcome.
Mean
For a discrete random variable, denoted as u, may be
computed similarly with the way a weighted average for requency
distrubution is computed, i.e., you take the summation of all the
products of a particular value or outcome xi and its corresponding
probability Pi.
Example
find the mean of the probability distribution involving the random
variable X that gives the number of heads that appear after
tossing four coins.
NUMBERS OF 0 1 2 3 4
HEADS (X)
Probability (P(X) 0.0625 0.25 0.375 0.25 0.0625
Solutions
Identify the individual products of each outcome and their
corresponding probability, and then, determine the summation.

=
=1
= 1 (1) + 2 (2)+ 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 (5)
=(0)(0.0625)+(1)(0.25)+(2)(0.375)+(3)(0.25)+(4)(0.0625)
=0+0.25+0.75+025
=2

The mean of the distribution is 2. This means that the average


number of heads that will appear in a single toss of four coins is 2.
Measures of variability, which means that they
describe the degree of homogeneity or
heterogeneity of a given set of data.
Mosty,the mean value is not enough to describe a random variable
because there are instances when two probability distributions have the
same value but are entirely different. Consider the following probability
distributions:
X 2 4 6 8
P(X) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

=(2 x 0.25)+(4x 0.25)+(6x 0.25)+(8 x 0.25)


= 0.5 + 1 + 1.5 + 2
=5
Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable
Are two values that describe how scattered or spread out the
scores are from the mean value of the random variable. The
variance, denoted as

=
=1

The standard deviation o is the square root of the variance,thus,


2
=
=1
The following steps will simplify the process of
computing the variance and standard deviation:
1.Compute the mean value of the random
variable.
2.Subtract each value from the mean and square
the differences.
3.Multiply the squared differences by the
corresponding probabilities.
4.Add all the products. This gives the variance of
the probability distribution.
Example

Compute the variance and standard deviation of the two


probability distributions (with the same of 5) presented earlier.
Interpret the values.
Solution
x 2 4 6 8
P(x) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
(x - ) -3 -1 1 3
(x - )2 9 1 1 9

4
2
2 =
=1
2 = 9 0.25 + 1 0.25 + 1 0.25 + 9 0.25
2 = 5
= 5 2.24
Random variable also known as expectation or
payoff value, is the mean of the probability
distribution of the given random variable.

E(X)= =1

( )

Example
A card is drawn at random from a deck of cards consisting of cards
numbered 1 through 5. A player wins P100 if the number on the
card is even and loses P100 if the number on the card is odd. What
is the expected value of his winnings?
X 100 -100

P(X) 2/5 3/5

E(X)= (100)(2/5) + (-100)(3/5)


E(X)= 40-60
E(X)= -20
The expected value is -20. Thus , the player is expected to lose an
average of P20in the game.

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