7001 BSS Lecture (Waseem)

GSM BSS
Technology
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Agenda
GSM profile
GSM Basic Technique
Cell Planning
Handover
Dual-band
GSM-WLL
GSM Service

Development of Mobile Communication
AMPSAmerica
Analog(1G) NMTNorth Europe
TACSU.K.
Evolution
DAMPS GSM PDC

Digital(2G)
CDMA

GSM Mobile Communication Development
Mobile Multimedia
Market
Data Service
Market
3G
GSM Phase 2+
GSM Phase I HSCSD GPRS
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Current GSM Network status
* GSM is widely used all over the world, GSM mobile

technology is fully developed.
* Large quantity of GSM subscribers GSM

CDMA
D-AMPS
PDC
* High capacity
CDMA
* New services arise 13% D-AMPS
10%
PDC
9%
GSM
68%

GSM Data Service
HSCSD EDGE
(57.6kbps) (384k/2M
& bps)
Voice GPRS
service (171.2kbps)
Data Data
Service Service
GSM Phase I GSM Phase II+
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
EDGE: Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution

GSM Network Structure
Gb SGSN Gn GGSN
PCU
Um Abis PDN
BSC MSC/VLR/GMSC
A
BTS
TRAU HLR/AUC
BTS Qx
PSTN
EIR SMC PLMN
OMC
BTS
NSMU FSMU TRAU
BSC MSC/VLR/GMSC
Ater A
BTS

GSM=FDMA+TDMA
Frequency
200KHz
Time
BP
15/26ms
Time Slot
GSM Time Slot Indication

Frequency Band
GSM900MHz
Uplink: 890~915MHz Fu (n) = 890 + 0.2 n (MHz)

Downlink: 935~960MHz Fd (n) = Fu (n) + 45 (MHz)
Bandwidth: 25MHz
1n124
Duplex interval: 45MHz
Frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1800MHz
Uplink: 1710~1785MHz Fu (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2 (n 512)

Downlink: 1805~1880MHz (MHz)
Bandwidth: 75MHz
Fd (n) = Fu (n) + 95 (MHz)
Frequency interval: 200KHz 512 n 885

Frequency Band
EGSM
Uplink: 880~890MHz Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2*(n-1024) (MHz)

Downlink: 925~935MHz Fd (n)=Fu (n)+45 (MHz)
Bandwidth: 10MHz
975 n 1023
GSM1900MHz
Uplink: 1850~1910MHz Fu (n) = 1850.2 + 0.2 (n 512)

Downlink: 1930~1990MHz (MHz)
Bandwidth: 60MHz
Fd (n) = Fu (n) + 80 (MHz)
Frequency interval: 200KHz 512 n 810

Frequency Band
GSM850MHz
Uplink: 824~849MHz Fu (n) = 824.2 + 0.2 (n 128) (MHz)

Downlink: 869~894MHz Fd (n) = Fu (n) + 45 (MHz)
Bandwidth: 25MHz
128 n 251

Basic conception
---------- Frequency Resource
Single Band Network General Priority
Which one? High

900MHz
1800MHz
1900MHz Low
New Operator
Reason
Propagation
Characteristic
For Operator For Subscriber

Basic conception
Single Band Network
Single Band 900MHz
Dual Band 1800MHz
Triple Band 1900MHz
In a sense, the network determines the handsets can be

selected.
But nowadays, all handsets almost support dual band.

Basic conception
Single Band Network
Cell coverage radius :
We know
Propagation characteristic
The higher the propagation frequency

900MHz
The higher the propagation loss 1800MHz
1900MHz
The smaller the cell coverage radius.

Agenda
GSM profile
GSM BSS Basic Technique
Cell Planning
Handover
Dual-band
GSM-WLL
GSM Service

BTS Role in the Whole GSM network
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Function Wireless transmission
Conversion between wired and wireless signals
Wireless diversity
Wireless channel encryption
FH
BaseBand Unit:
voice and data speed adapting and channel coding
Component RF Unit:
modulating/demodulating ,transmitter and receiver
Common Control Unit:
BTS operation and maintenance

BTS Role in the Whole GSM network
antenna Um
Location
1/2 inch Jump wire
Cable grounding Um
kit
1/2 inch jump wire 7/8 inch cable Um

Lightning
protector Cable grounding kit
BTS BSC
Um
rack
Abis

BTS Connection Mode
B
B T
T S
S
B
T
S B
T
S
MSC BSC B
T B
S T
S B
T
S
Star-connection mode
Tree-connection mode
Chain-connection mode

Sub-multiplex on A interface
BTS
MS OMC-R
Um Abis Qx
BSC
BTS 15:1 1:4
SM SM TC MSC
Abis Ater
A
TC: TransCoder
SM: SubMultiplexer

Sub-multiplex on Abis interface
Each E1(2M) on Abis interface can support 15 TRX, So it

can effectively save the transmission cost.
7.2*16k TCH timeslot / TRX = 1.8*64k TCH timeslot / TRX
1*16k signaling timeslot / TRX
Since very 4 16k timeslot can be multiplexed to a 64k timeslot,

each E1 consists of 32 64k timeslot
( n + 1 ) / 4 + n * 1.8 + 1 = 32 n = 15

Series BTS
---------- BTS (V2.0)
TRX Capacity per Rack 12TRX
Max. BTS Configuration O36 or S12/12/12
Receive Sensibility: GSM900/1800/1900 -110 dBm
Power Output: GSM900/1800/1900 40W
BTS Power Control 6 levels staticStep: 2dB
15 levels dynamicStep: 2dB
Max Power Consumption: 2200W 12 TRXs
DC Voltage Input: -40~-57VDC 19~29VDC
Environment Temperature: -5 C ~ +45 C
Relative Humidity: 15% ~85%
Rack Demension: 1600600550 mm3 (H x W x D)

Series BTS
---------- BTS (V2.0)
ZXG10-BTS (V2)
MMI
TRM1
TRM2
CMM A
BSC
E Radio tower
PDM M
TRM12
FAN
Abis Um
Internal communication BUS
CMMControl & Maintenance Module

PDMPower Distribution Module FANFan Module
AEMAntenna Equipment Module TRMTransceiver Module

Series BTS ---------- BTS (V2.0)

E E
CMM P O O B B C C S E P
PDM S M M I I K K D A S
CMM A U U E E U U U M A
FCM
A T T T T A
E R R R R E T T P M
M P P S U
M M M M M HYCOM R R
A A B L
U U
FCM
A T T T T A T P M
P P T
E R R R R E R S U
HYCOM A A R
M M M M M M U U B L
FCM
A T T T T T P M
T A P P
E R R R HYCOM R R S U
R E A A B L
M M M M U U
M M
BTS (V2.0) BTS (V1A)

Series BTS
---------- Shelter BTS
TRX Capacity 18TRX/36TRX (3 BTS Racks) Flexible
Max. BTS Configuration O36 or S12/12/12
Receive Sensitivity GSM900/1800/1900 -110 dBm
Power Output GSM900/1800/1900 40W
Power Consumption 5600W(Include Air Conditioner)
AC Voltage Input 88~264VAC;
310 ~435VAC
Environment Temperature -45 C ~ +55 C
Storage Battery Capacity 4~8 hours
Weight 4200 Kg
Shelter Outer Dimension 347027202720 (W*D*H, Include Pedestal)

BSC
The Hardware Functions of ZXG10-BSC

Abis interface function
Circuit switching function
Packet switching function
Land equipment operation and management function
Radio resource management function
Transcoding and rate adapting function
Sub-multiplexing function

Function Units
Abis interface unit (BIU)

Network switch unit (NSU)
Packet control unit (PCU)
System control unit (SCU)
Radio management unit (RMU)
Transcoding and rate adaptation
unit (TCU) and A interface unit
(AIU)

Rack Structure
BCTL BBIU
BNET BCTL-RMU
BATC BCTL-SCU
BBIU BNET
BSMU
BATC
PCU
BATC

System Control
BSC communication management
RMM/RMU SCM/SCU OMM
HDLC
BIU
PCU
F/S SMU
TC1
AIU
BIE
NSU
TCU

Technical Indices of ZXG10-BSC
MAX capacity: 512 sites / 1024 TRXs

BHCA: 400K
Traffic processing ability: 3600 Erl
MAX user quantity: 150,000
MAX link number on Abis interface : 192 PCM
MAX link number on A interface : 256 PCM
MAX rate on Gb interface: 64Mbit/s
A interface provides 4:1 line multiplexing
Abis interface provides 15:1 line multiplexing

Modularized ZXG10-BSC
GSN MSC OMC Modularized Design

TCP/IP
Gb A X.25/DDN
PCM
SCM: System control Module
BSC RMM: Radio Resource Management Module
SCM
4 RMMs/BSC
256 TRXs/RMM.
48 Abis E1/RMM
RMM RMM ... ... RMM
#1 #2 #4 900 Erl/RMM
1024 TRXs/BSC
...
Abis 192 Abis E1/BSC
BTS 1 ... BTS n BTS 1 ... BTS n

256 A E1/BSC
3600 Erl/BSC

ZXG10-BSC Expansion
Ntrx < 256 1 rack 1 SCM+ 1 RMM

256 < Ntrx < 512 2 racks 1 SCM + 2 RMM
Advantage
Support small capacity network
Large capacity network can be constructed in phases

ZXG10-BSC Expansion
6 BBIU BBIU BBIU

5 BCTL(RMU) BCTL(RMU) BCTL(RMU)
4 BCTL(SCU) BBIU BATC
3 BNET BCTL(RMU) BATC
2 BATC Configuration
BATC BATC
1 BATC BATC BATC
RACK 1 RACK 2 RACK 3
Single Rack Two Racks Three Racks

256TRX 512TRX 1024TRX

ZXG10-OMC Summary
LAN/WAN...
Upper-level NMC
Q3 DB
Server
Hub
Billing Center
OMC
Router
TCP/IP
ZXG10-BSC Client
PCM/X.25/DDN...
TCP/IP
Client Router
Hub
ZXG10-BSC
Hub
Client ZXG10-MSS Client
TCP/IP

Agenda
GSM profile
Cell Planning
Handover
Dual-band
GSM-WLL
GSM Service

Purpose of GSM Network Planning
Cell Planning
Ensure the continuous coverage
Frequency Planning
Increase the capacity of radio network with limited
frequency band
Interference
Decrease interference from the same frequency
Opimization
Optimize the radio network parameters, enhance the
network quality

Cell Planning
Site list(Coverage & Capacity)

-- Location, Site type
Cell Parameters
Antenna
RF power

Site Type
Omni BTS
Circular cell
Omni antenna adopted
Sector BTS
Sector cell
Directional antenna adopted
Three sectors/cells per BTS Normally
S3

Location

Frequency Hopping(FH)
Type of Frequency Hopping
Base band Hopping: Data is transferred to
different TRX in turn and the frequency of each
TRX is fixed.
RF Hopping: Data is transferred to a fixed TRX

and the frequency of each TRX is hopping.
Function of FH
Frequency diversity
Disperse interference

Frequency Reuse
The same frequency can be reused when the

two cells is far enough.
Frequency resource of GSM system is limited.

Frequency reuse(43)
D3 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
C1 A2 A3 D1 B2 B3 C1
C3 B1 D2 D3 A1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 C1 A2 A3 D1
D2 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
A1 D3
4 3 reuse = 4 BTSs/Group 3 Cells/BTS = 12 Cells/Group

Frequency reuse(33)
B3 A1 B2 B3 A1 B2
C1 A2 A3 C1 A2 A3 C1
C3 B1 C2 C3 B1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 A1 B2 B3 A1
A3 C1 A2 A3 C1 A2
A1 A3
3 3 reuse = 3 BTSs/Group 3 Cells/BTS = 9 Cells/Group

The Maximum Site Type
Band-width of Frequency resource
Type of frequency reuse

Cell Capacity
Erlang
RF GOS
Erlang-B Form
Erlang/Sub in busy hour

Cell Capacity
Erl/Cell = Erl-B(TCH/Cell, GOS in air interface)
Quantity of subscriber in total = Erl in total / (Elr/sub in busy hour)
TRX/Cell CH CCH TCH Erl/Cell

1 8 1 7 2.94
2 16 2 14 8.20
3 24 2 22 14.90
4 32 3 29 21.04
5 40 3 37 28.25
6 48 3 45 35.61
7 56 4 52 42.12
8 64 4 60 49.64
GOS in air interface = 2%

Cell Capacity
Type of Sity type Average Capacity
frequency subscribers factor
reuse /site
6MHZ 43 3/2/2 or 1440 1
3/3/2
33 3/3/3 1788 124
13 4/4/4 2640 183
26 2/2/2/2/2/2 2160 15
9.6MHZ 43 4/4/4 2628 1
33 5/5/5 3384 129
13 6/6/6 4272 163
26 3/3/3/4/4/4 4416 168
GOS=0.02,0.025Erl/Sub

Basic conception
---------- BTS Mode
Omni-directional cell
O
Adopt omni-directional antenna

the overall directional propagation
characteristic is the same.
Directional cell
In general, cell with multi-sector is in

common use. Every directional cell
adopts directional antenna.

Basic conception
---------- BTS Mode
Capacity
When the traffic is very low, and no possibility for quick
increment , Omni-directional cell is used in common.
Otherwise , we suggest to adopt the sector cell.
Note: TRX-transceiver,each TRX handles 1 frequency.
Coverage Area
Sector cell is often used to enlarge the cell coverage radius

because of the higher antenna gain.
For special coverage ,such as road coverage, two-sector cell
is adopted firstly.

Basic conception
---------- System capacity
Erlang :
the traffic intensity of a totally occupied channel (i.e. the call

hour of a unit hour or the call minute of a unit minute). For
example, the traffic of a channel occupied for 1.8 minutes in
an hour is 0.03 E rlang)
GOS:
defined as the probability of call blocking or the probability

when the call delay time is longer than a given queuing time.

Agenda
GSM profile
Cell Planning
Handover
Dual-band
GSM-WLL
GSM Service

Handover algorithm
Dynamic priority handover

Handover base on traffic
Direct retry
Handover base on rapid decline
Speed sensitive handover
Intelligent concentric handover

Patent handover algorithm
Patent
Dynamic priority handover algorithm
Adjacent Adjacent
cell 1 cell 1
Serving
Serving
cell
cell Adjacent
Adjacent
cell 2 cell 2
Priority of a cell changes according to its traffic

Patent handover algorithm
tendence handover algorithm

Patent
Serving cell C
A
B
Adjacent cell Adjacent cell
When quickly moving handset handover to micro cell,

take account of the moving direction of the handset to
select object micro cell to handover to.
Handover base on traffic
Automatically balance the traffic among different cells. It can

increase the actual capacity of BSS and lighten the load of MSC.

Direct Retry
Direct retry: MS can switch from SDCCH of current cell to TCH of

adjacent cell when TCH of current cell is not available and TCH of
adjacent cell is available and quality is good enough.
Decrease call failure.
Automatically balance traffic.
Cell 1 SDCCH
Cell 2
TCH

Handover base on rapid decline
Rapid handover base on RX level.

Rapid response than normal.
Decrease traffic drop effectively
1 2
M
M ii cc rr o
o 1
1
A
A
3 4
M
M ii cc rr o
o 2
2

Speed Sensitive Handover
Aim at micro-cell
High speed subscribers shall handover to macro cell.
Low speed subscribers shall handover to micro cell.
Macro to Micro time-delayed handover

Micro to Micro time-delayed handover

Macro to Micro time-delayed handover
When current serving cell is macro cell, low speed moving
handsets handover to micro cell while high speed moving
handsets stay in current macro cell.
The handset handover to micro cell when current macro cell
detect a micro cell with good RF signal and the good signal
can keep for a specific period of time, which means the
handset is moving in low speed.
M a c ro c e ll
M ic ro c e ll

Micro to Micro time-delayed handover
When current serving cell is micro cell, high speed moving
handset handover to macro cell while high speed moving
handset stay in current micro cell.
Handset can not handover from current micro cell to
adjacent micro cell if the handset can not stay in the
current micro cell for a specific period of time, which
means the handset is moving in high speed.
Macro cell
handover
Micro cell

Intelligent Concentric Handover
Base on C/I(the same frequency). Outer cell aims to

continuous coverage and inner cell aims to absorb traffic.
Call is setup in outer cell. Traffic switch between outer
cell and inner cell according to C/I of inner cell.
Inner cell can use high density frequency reuse schedule
such as 13 to increase BSS capacity.

Agenda
GSM profile
Cell Planning
Handover
Dual-band
GSM-WLL
GSM Service

Dual-band network
GSM1800 & GSM900
Transmit wastage is more than GSM900
Handover between GSM900

Dual band network type 1
Dedicated MSC/VLR
900M BTS 900M MSC/VLR
900M BSC
HLR
1800M BTS 1800M BSC 1800M MSC/VLR

Dedicated BSC
900M BTS
900M BSC
MSC/VLR
HLR
1800M BTS 1800M BSC

Dedicated BTS
900M BTS
MSC/VLR
BSC HLR
1800M BTS

co-BTS
900M & 1800M MSC/VLR

BSC HLR

Agenda
GSM profile
Cell Planning
Handover
Dual-band
GSM-WLL
GSM Service

System Structure of ZXG10-WLL
BTS
.
SMSC .
.
Mobile Phone
HLR/AUC BSC1
.
PSTN . BTS
.
MSC/VLR Radio Access

Station
BTS
.
.
BSCn .
Fixed Station
BTS
Agenda
GSM profile
Cell Planning
Handover
Dual-band
GSM-WLL
GSM Service

GSM Voice Service
GSM Packet Service

Voice service of GSM
FR
Full Rate speech/channel
EFR
Enhanced Full Rate
HR
Half Rate speech/channel
AMR
Adaptive Muti-Rate speech

Voice service flow of GSM
Abis
Um
interface
22.8kbps/11.4kbps
16kbps/8k
Voice Code(TC)
MS BTS BSC MSC
A interface
A-law
Channel Code(CCU) 64kbps

Voice Service
Sampling frequency
8KHz(03400Hz voice)
Speech frame: 20ms

8KHz20ms=160

Compare with PSTN and PHS
PSTN
PCM: 64kbps (A-law or -law), MOS4.3
PHSPCS
ADPCM: 32kbps, MOS4.3
GSM
<16kbps. MOS<4.1
Specific codec algorithm shall be adopted.

FR(Full Rate)
Algorithm: RPE-LTP-LPC
Data rate after encoding: 13kbps
Quality of data after encoding: MOS3.8
encoding
64kbps 13kbps
LPC LTP RPE
decoding
FR encoding

EFR(Enhanced Full Rate)
Algorithm: ACELP
Data rate after encoding: 12.2kbps
encoding
64kbps 12.2kbps
LPC LTP ACE
decoding
EFR encoding

HR(Half Rate)
Algorithm: VSELP
Data rate after encoding: 5.6kbps
encoding
64kbps 5.6kbps
LPC LTP VSE
decoding
HR encoding

AMR(Adaptive Multi-Rate)
Algorithm: MR-ACELP
Data rate after encoding: 4.75 kbps - 12.2kbps
encoding
64kbps AMR
LPC LTP MR-ACE
decoding
HR encoding

Protection of voice channel encoding
Um:
FR: 22.8kbps
HR: 11.4kbps
Protect bit:
FR139.822.8 (kbps)
EFR12.210.622.8 (kbps)
HR5.65.811.4(kbps)
AMR 22.8 (kbps)
11.4 (kbps)

Voice Quality of HR
Encoding bit rate after bit rate on

Algorithm MOS
scheme encoding (bps) Abis (bps)
FR RPE-LTP-LPC 13k 16k 3.8
EFR ACELP 12.2k 16k 4.1
HR VSELP 5.6k 8k/16k 3.7

EDGE
(Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution )
Enhanced GSM Phase II+, higher bit rate.

The max bit rate of GSM data service is 14.4kbps, and
the max bit rate of EDGE can reach up to 48kbps.
EDGE is a good alternative of UMTS 3G.


7001 BSS Lecture (Waseem)

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GSM BSS

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

GSM Basic Technique

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

DAMPS GSM PDC

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

* GSM is widely used all over the world, GSM mobile

* Large quantity of GSM subscribers GSM

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

GSM Phase I GSM Phase II+

HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

GSM Time Slot Indication

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Uplink: 890~915MHz Fu (n) = 890 + 0.2 n (MHz)

Uplink: 1710~1785MHz Fu (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2 (n 512)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Uplink: 880~890MHz Fu(n) = 890 + 0.2*(n-1024) (MHz)

Uplink: 1850~1910MHz Fu (n) = 1850.2 + 0.2 (n 512)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Uplink: 824~849MHz Fu (n) = 824.2 + 0.2 (n 128) (MHz)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Which one? High

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Single Band 900MHz

Dual Band 1800MHz

Triple Band 1900MHz

In a sense, the network determines the handsets can be

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

The higher the propagation frequency

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

GSM BSS Basic Technique

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

1/2 inch jump wire 7/8 inch cable Um

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Each E1(2M) on Abis interface can support 15 TRX, So it

7.2*16k TCH timeslot / TRX = 1.8*64k TCH timeslot / TRX

1*16k signaling timeslot / TRX

Since very 4 16k timeslot can be multiplexed to a 64k timeslot,

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Internal communication BUS

CMMControl & Maintenance Module

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

BTS (V2.0) BTS (V1A)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

The Hardware Functions of ZXG10-BSC

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Abis interface unit (BIU)

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RMM/RMU SCM/SCU OMM

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

MAX capacity: 512 sites / 1024 TRXs

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

GSN MSC OMC Modularized Design

7.216k TCH timeslot / TRX = 1.864k TCH timeslot / TRX