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FA0 FA
dN j
Fj0 - Fj + rjV =
dt
lim Fj V V Fj V
Fj Fj rjV 0 rj
V V V V 0 V
Units for the rate of a mol Units for the rate of mol
homogeneous rxn (rj) : s m3 a catalytic rxn (rj) : s kg catalyst
V1 V2 V1
FA0/-rA (m3)
VCSTR1 VPFR2
XA
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-6
Conversion, XA
Conversion is convenient for relating: rj, V, , Nj, Fj, and Cj
a A b B c C d D
Choose limiting reactant A as basis of calculation and normalize:
b c d
A B C D
a a a
moles A reacted
X A conversion based on A
moles A fed
BATCH
SYSTEM: Moles A fed is the amount of A at the start of the reactor (t=0)
FLOW
SYSTEM: Moles A fed is the amount of A entering the reactor
Conversion Example
A + 2B 2C
Start with 1 mole of A & 1 mole of B
reactant
NA NA 0 1 X A product
b c
NB NB0 NA 0 X A NC NC0 NA 0 X A
a a
NI NI0 inert component
d
ND ND0 NA 0 X A
a
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-9
Expressing other Components in
Terms of Conversion of A (XA)
b c d moles A reacted
A B C D XA
a a a moles A fed
d c b
NT N j NT0 1NA 0 X A
j a a a
Total moles in Total total moles products formed
reactor at time t
=
moles fed
+ minus reactants consumed
j stoichiometric coefficient; positive for products, negative for reactants
b c d
B A 1 c d
a a a
N j N j0 jNA 0 X A
NT N j NT0 j NA 0 X A
j
j
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-10
Substitute for FA
FA FA 0 FA 0 X A
FA 0 FA 0 FA 0 X A
V
rA
FA 0 X A Ideal CSTR design eq
V
rA in terms of XA
Sizing CSTRs
We can determine the volume of the CSTR required to achieve a specific
conversion if we know how the reaction rate rj depends on the conversion Xj
Ideal SS Volume is
FA 0 X A FA 0
CSTR VCSTR VCSTR X A product of FA0/-rA
design eq. rA rA and XA
Plot FA0/-rA vs XA (Levenspiel plot)
VCSTR is the rectangle with a base of XA,exit and a height of FA0/-rA
X X1
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-16
6
5 Value of FA0/-rA for XA=0.4
4
3 VCSTR 2.050.4
2
1 0.82 m3
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
VCSTR for XA = 0.8?
XA VCSTR 8 0.8
6.4 m3
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-17
Sizing PFRs
We can determine the required volume of a PFR to achieve a specific
conversion if we know how the reaction rate rj depends on the conversion Xj
X A,exit X A,exit
Ideal PFR dX A FA 0
V FA 0 VPFR dX A
design eq. PFR rA
0 0 rA
Plot FA0/-rA vs XA (Experimentally determined numerical values)
VPFR is the area under the curve FA0/-rA vs XA,exit
rA X1 FA 0
V 0 dX
rA
X1
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-18
We do not have an
expression for rA(XA)
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-19
We do not have an
expression for rA(XA)
Numerically evaluate
(Appendix A.4) to
Volume of PFR
estimate the area
under the curve
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-20
0. 2
VPF R 0. 89 4 1. 33 2. 05 0. 55 m3 = area under the curve
3
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-22
Reactors in Series
In practice, reactors are usually connected so the exit stream
of one reactor is the feed stream for the next reactor
FA1 FA2
V2
FA0 i=1 i=2
X1 X2
FA3
i=3
X3
V1 V3
FAi FA 0 FA 0 Xi
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-23
2 CSTRs in Series
FA1, X1
Materials balance reactor 1:
FA0
X0 In - Out + Gen. = Accum.
FA2
X2
FA0 FA1 rA1V1 0
FA 0 F A0 - F A 0 X1 rA1V1 0
F A 0 X1 rA1V1 0
FA 0
X1 VCSTR1
rA1
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-24
2 CSTRs in Series
FA1, X1 Materials balance reactor 2:
In - Out + Gen. = Accum.
FA0
X0 FA1 FA 2 rA 2V2 0
FA2
X2 FA1 FA 2
VCSTR 2
rA 2
V1 V2 Need to express FA2 in terms of X2
Materials balance reactor 1:
FA1 FA 0 FA 0 X1 FA 2 FA 0 FA 0 X2
FA 0
X1 VCSTR1 VCSTR 2
FA 0 FA 0 X1 FA 0 FA 0 X2
rA1 rA 2
FA 0
VCSTR 2 X2 X1
rA 2
Value of FA0/-rA at X2
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-25
2 CSTRs in Series
FA1, X1=0.4 XA 0 0.4 0.8
FA0 FA0/-rA 0.89 2.05 8
X0 9
FA2 8
X2=0.8 7
FA0/-rA (m3)
6
V1 5
V2 4
VCSTR1 for XA1 = 0.4? 3
VCSTR1 2.05 0.4 0.82 m3 2
1
VCSTR2 for XA2 = 0.4 to 0.8? 0
F 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
VCSTR 2 A 0 X2 X1 XA
rA 2
VCSTR 2 8 0.8 0.4 3.2 m3 VCSTR of single CSTR with XA = 0.8?
2 PFRsF in Series
A1
FA0, X0 X1
FA2, X2
X2 F X1 F X2 F
VPFR A0
dX A A 0 dX A A 0 dX A
0 rA 0 rA X1 rA
XA 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 2 PFRs in series, X1=0.4 and X2=0.8
FA0/-rA 0.89 1.33 2.05 3.56 8
When XA1= 0.4, VPFR1 =0.55 m3 (slide L3-20)
VPFR2 for XA2 = 0.4 to 0.8?
h FA 0 4FA 0 FA 0
V
3 rA X 0.4 rA X 0.6 rA X 0.8
0.2
VPFR2 2.05 43.56 8 3.61 m3
3
VPFR1 2 0.55 m3 1.61 m3 2.17 m3
Same volume as 1 PFR with XA=0.8
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-27
Combinations of CSTRs & PFRs in
F ,X
Series F X F A1 1 A2, X2
A1 1
FA2, X2 FA0, X0
FA0 V1
V2
X0
V2
V1
( )
V V
CSTR1 + PFR2 V PFR1 +C CSTR2
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
L3-28
Reactors in Series
FA0
If is monotonica lly increasing, then
- rA
Vone PFR VPFR(i) VCSTR ( j) Vone CSTR
i j
for any combination of PFRs & CSTRs in series
In general, 1 PFR = any number of PFRs in series
1 PFR = number of CSTRs in series
Definitions:
V
Space time (t): time necessary to process one reactor t
0
volume, also called mean residence time or holding time
Space velocity (SV): inverse of space time, but vo may be SV 0 1
measured under different conditions than the space time V t
Liquid-hourly 0 liquid @ 60F or 75F
Gas-hourly 0 STP
space LHSV space GHSV
V V
velocity velocity
0| is the volumetric flow rate measured at specified condition
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.