Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Electrical & Mechanical Engineering

National University of Sciences & Technology
Rawalpindi, Pakistan

ME-130
Thermodynamics-I

Chapter 4 Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Lec Jawad Haider Syed

(Spring, 2017)
 Reading Assignment
Thermodynamics, Cengel, Edition 7

Chapter 3: Introduction 3.8 (up to van der Waals

equations)
 Lecture Outline
Boundary Work

Energy Balance

Specific Heats
 Moving Boundary Work
Moving boundary work is associated with the expansion or
compression of a gas in a piston-cylinder device.
During this process, part of the boundary (the inner face of
the piston) moves back and forth.
Moving boundary work is the primary form of work
involved in automobile engines.
During their expansion, the combustion gases force the
piston to move resulting in rotation of crankshaft.
The boundary work in real engines or compressors is
determined by direct measurements only because the high
speed of piston makes it impossible for the piston cylinder
system to achieve equilibrium during operation.
For the current course, the quasi-equilibrium analysis
would be performed which can be closely approximated
for piston moving at low speeds.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Moving Boundary Work
Consider the gas enclosed in the piston-cylinder device
having initial pressure P, Volume V and piston cross-
sectional area A.
If the piston is allowed to expand by a distance ds in a
quasi-equilibrium manner, the differential work done by
the piston:
= = =
The boundary work, PdV in the differential form is equal to
the product of the absolute pressure P and the differential
change in the volume dV.
The boundary work is positive during an expansion
process and negative during a compression process.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Moving Boundary Work
The total boundary work done during the entire process as the piston
moves is obtained by adding all the differential works (integration of PdV)
from the initial state to the final state:
2
=
1
The integral can only be found if the functional
relationship of pressure and volume is known.
The P-V diagram of the process:
The differential area dA is equal to PdV.
The total area A under the process curve 1-2 is
obtained by adding these differential areas.
2 2
= = =
1 1
The area under the process curve on a P-V diagram
is equal, in magnitude, to the work done during a
quasi-equilibrium expansion or compression
process of a closed system.
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
 Moving Boundary Work
The moving boundary work done for different
process curves would be different as the area
under the P-V curve would be different and the
work done is path function not point function.
If work were not a path function, no cyclic devices
(car engines, power plants) could operate as work-
producing devices.
The net work done during cyclic processes is only
possible when area under the curve during
expansion work is greater than that during
compression process.
If we have experimental data in the form of PV
curve, then work done can be calculated directly
from the data as area under the curve
Moving boundary Work for non-quasi-
equilibrium process: =
= + +
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
Moving Boundary Work: Constant Volume Process
To calculate the boundary work, the
process by which the system changed states
must be known.
Once the process is determined, the
pressure-volume relationship for the
process can be obtained and the integral in
the boundary work equation can be
performed.
For each process, functional relationship of
pressure versus volume needs to be known,
i:e:, P = f (V).
Boundary work for constant volume
(isochoric) process: Change in volume is
zero in constant volume process.
The boundary work for constant volume
2
process: = 1 = 0

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Moving Boundary Work: Constant Pressure Process
Boundary work for constant pressure
(isobaric) process: Pressure no long remains
function of volume.
The boundary work for isobaric process:
2 2
= = = (2 1 )
1 1

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Moving Boundary Work: Constant Temperature Process
Boundary work for constant temperature (isothermal) process: If the
temperature of an ideal gas system is held constant, then the equation of
state provides the pressure-volume relation.

=

The boundary work for isothermal process:
2 2

= = = (2 /1 )
1 1

The above equation is the result of applying the ideal gas assumption for
the equation of state. For real gases undergoing an isothermal (constant
temperature) process, the integral in the boundary work equation would
be done numerically.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Moving Boundary Work: Polytropic Process
Boundary work for polytropic process: The polytropic process is one in
which the pressure-volume relation is given as:
=
The value of exponent n, for some common processes is given as:
Process Exponent n
Here, k is the ratio of
Constant Pressure 0 the specific heat at
Constant Volume constant pressure Cp
to specific heat at
Isothermal & Ideal gas 1
constant volume Cv.
Adiabatic & Ideal gas K=Cp/Cv

The boundary work done during the polytropic process is found by

substituting the pressure-volume relation into the boundary work equation:
2 2
2 2 1 1
= = = , 1
1 1 1
2
= , = 1
1

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Moving Boundary Work: Examples
A piston-cylinder device with a set of stops
initially contains 0.3kg of steam at 1.0MPa and
400oC. The location of the stops corresponds to 60
percent of the initial volume. Now the steam is
cooled. Determine the compression work if the
final state is
(i) 1.0MPa and 250oC,
(ii) 500kPa
(iii) also determine the temperature at the final
state in part (ii)

A gas is compressed from an initial volume of 0.42m3 to a final volume of

0.12m3. During the quasi-equilibrium process, the pressure changes with
volume according to the relation P = aV +b, where a = -1200kPa/m3 and
b = 600kPa. Calculate the work done during this process.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Moving Boundary Work: Examples
A piston-cylinder device contains 50kg of water at
250kPa and 25oC. The cross-sectional area of the piston
is 0.1m2. Heat is now transferred to the water, causing
part of it to evaporate and expand. When the volume
reaches 0.2m3, the piston reaches a linear spring whose
spring constant is 100kN/m. More heat is transferred to
the water until the piston rises 20cm more
(i) the final pressure and temperature,
(ii) the work done during this process.

Homework Practice Problems: 4.7, 4.9, 4.13, 4.16, 4.19, 4.27

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
Energy Balance for any system undergoing any kind of change:
=
Energy balance per unit mass e = E/m, (specific energy):
=
The energy in is due to work and heat interactions into the system and
while the energy out of the system is due to work and heat interactions out
of the system.
= + and = +
Putting in the first equation:
+ + =
Rearranging the above equation:
=
Here = Qnet,in and = , are the net heat
input and net work out put of the system.
The energy balance for the closed system can be written
, , =
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
 Energy Balance for Closed Systems
The work interaction can be divided in boundary work, Wb, and other
work, (rotary, electrical, etc..)
The energy balance for the closed system: , , =
For a closed stationary system: =
For a closed system undergoing a cycle, the initial and final states are
identical, thus = 2 1 = 0 or =
For closed cyclic system:

, = , For a
, = , cycle
The net work output during a
cycle is equal to net heat input.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Energy Balance for Closed Systems: Examples
A piston-cylinder device contains 25 g of saturated water vapor that is
maintained at a constant pressure of 300kPa. A resistance heater within
the cylinder is turned on and passes a current of 0.2A for 5min from a
120V source. At the same time, a heat loss of 3.7kJ occurs

(i) Show that for a closed system the

boundary work Wb and the change in
internal energy U in the first-law relation
can be combined into one term, H, for a
constant pressure process.
(ii) Determine the final temperature of the
steam.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Energy Balance for Closed Systems: Examples
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. Initially, one
side of the tank contains 5kg of water at 200kPa and 25oC, and the other
side is evacuated. The partition is then removed, and the water expands
into the entire tank. The water is allowed to exchange heat with its
surroundings until the temperature in the tank returns to the initial
value of 25oC. Determine

(i) the volume of the tank,

(ii) the final pressure,
(iii) the heat transfer for this process.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Specific Heats
It takes different amounts of energy to
raise the temperature of identical masses
of different substances by one degree.
Specific heat is a property of material that
enable us to compare the energy storage
capabilities of various substances.
Specific heat is defined as the energy
required to raise the temperature of a unit mass
of a substance by one degree
The specific heat at constant volume is the
energy required to raise the temperature of
the unit mass of a substance by one degree as
the volume is maintained constant.
The specific heat at constant pressure is
the energy required to raise the temperature
of the unit mass of a substance by one degree
as the pressure is maintained constant.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Specific Heats

The specific heat at constant

pressure is always greater than .
It would be more convenient to
express specific heats in terms of
other thermodynamic properties.
Consider a fixed mass in a stationary
closed system undergoing a
constant-volume process.

The conservation of energy principle is =

Now, the total energy per unit mass (from chapter 2):
2
= + + = + +
2
For a stationary system and neglecting any gravitational effects: =

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Specific Heats
The conservation of energy principle becomes:
=
The left-hand side of this equation represents the net amount of energy
transferred to the system. Assume that heat energy is being supplied.
From the definition of , this energy change must be equal to .
= =

=

Similarly, the specific heat at constant pressure:

=

Common unit for specific heat is kJ/kgoC or kJ/kg.K.

Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and
Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
The ideal gas law: =
For an ideal gas, the internal energy is a function of the temperature only.
= ()
Using the definition of enthalpy and the equation of state of an ideal gas.
= + = +
=
Therefore, enthalpy of an ideal gas is also a function of temperature only.
= ()
Therefore, specific heats are also function of temperature only.
The differential changes in the internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas
is given as:
= =
Change in internal energy or enthalpy for an ideal gas during a process is:
2
= 2 1 = 1
2
= 2 1 = 1
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems
 Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases
A special relationship between and for ideal gases can be obtained by
differentiating the relation = +
= +
The change in enthalpy and internal energy as a function of and :
= and =
Putting the values in the first relation and simplifying:
= + (/. )
The specific heat ratio is the ratio of to :

=

The specific ratio also varies with temperature, but this variation is very
mild.
For monatomic gases, its value is essentially constant at 1.667 and for air its
value is 1.4.
Reading assignment: Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of solids
and liquids.
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems