Microelectronics

Circuit Analysis and Design

Donald A. Neamen

Chapter 7

Frequency Response

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-1

McGraw-Hill
In this chapter, we will:

Discuss the general frequency response

characteristics of amplifiers.
Derive the system transfer functions
Develop the Bode diagrams of the magnitude
and phase of the transfer functions.
Analyze the frequency response of transistor
circuits with capacitors.
Determine the Miller effect and Miller
capacitance.
Determine the high-frequency response of basic
transistor circuit configurations.

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-2

McGraw-Hill
 Amplifier Gain Versus Frequency

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-3

McGraw-Hill
 Transfer Functions of
the Complex Frequency

Name of Function Expression

Voltage Transfer Function T(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s)

Current Transfer Function Io(s)/Ii(s)

Transresistance Function Vo(s)/Ii(s)

Transconductance Function Io(s)/Vi(s)

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-4

McGraw-Hill
 Series Coupling Capacitor Circuit

s
T ( s) K 2 ( )
1 s
( RS RP )CS

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-5

McGraw-Hill
 Parallel Load Capacitor Circuit

1
T ( s ) K1 ( )
1 s
( RS RP )C P

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-6

McGraw-Hill
 Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Magnitude:
Series Coupling Capacitor Circuit

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-7

McGraw-Hill
 Relationship Between Rectangular
and Polar Coordinates

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-8

McGraw-Hill
 Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Phase:
Series Coupling Capacitor Circuit

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-9

McGraw-Hill
 Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Magnitude:
Parallel Load Capacitor Circuit

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-10

McGraw-Hill
 Bode Plot of Voltage Transfer Function
Phase:
Parallel Load Capacitor Circuit

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-11

McGraw-Hill
 Circuit with Series Coupling and
Parallel Load Capacitor

S ( RS RP )C S
P ( RS RP )C P
1
fL
2 S
1
fH
2 P

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-12

McGraw-Hill
 Bode Plot of Magnitude of Voltage
Transfer Function:
Series Coupling and Parallel Load Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-13

McGraw-Hill
 Steady-State Output Response

Coupling Capacitor Load Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-14

McGraw-Hill
 Common Emitter with Coupling
Capacitor
1
fL
2 ( RSi Ri )CC

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-15

McGraw-Hill
 Common Source with Output
Coupling Capacitor

1
fL
2 ( RD RC )CC

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-16

McGraw-Hill
 Emitter Follower with Output
Coupling Capacitor
1
fL
2 ( Ro RL )CC 2

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-17

McGraw-Hill
 Problem-Solving Technique:
Bode Plot of Gain Magnitude

1. Determine whether capacitor is producing a

low-pass or high-pass circuit.
a. Sketch general shape of Bode plot
2. Corner frequency is f = 1/(2) where = ReqC
a. Req is resistance seen by capacitor
3. Maximum gain magnitude is midband gain.
a. Coupling and bypass capacitors act as
shorts
b. Load capacitors act as opens

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-18

McGraw-Hill
Common Source with Load Capacitor
1
fH
2 ( Ro RL )CL

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-19

McGraw-Hill
Coupling and Parallel Load Capacitors

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-20

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit:
Coupling and Parallel Load Capacitor

1 1
fL fH
2 [ RS ( R1 R2 Ri )]CC 2 ( RC RL )CP

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-21

McGraw-Hill
 Emitter Bypass Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-22

McGraw-Hill
 Bode Plot of Voltage Gain Magnitude:
Emitter Bypass Capacitor

g m r RC
A v 0
RS r (1 ) RE
g m r RC
A v
RS r
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-23
McGraw-Hill
 Two Coupling Capacitors and a
Emitter Bypass Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-24

McGraw-Hill
 PSpice Results for Two Coupling
Capacitors and a Emitter Bypass
Capacitor

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-25

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Expanded Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-26

McGraw-Hill
 Short-Circuit Current Gain:
Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-27

McGraw-Hill
 Bode Plot:
Short-Circuit Current Gain

1
f fT o f
2 r (C C )

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-28

McGraw-Hill
 2-Port Equivalent Circuit of C: BJT

Thevenin Equivalent Norton Equivalent

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-29

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit with
Miller Capacitance: BJT

CM C [1 g m ( RC RL )]

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-30

McGraw-Hill
 Inherent Resistances and
Capacitances in n-Channel MOSFET

1
C gs C gd WLC ox
2
Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-31
McGraw-Hill
 Equivalent Circuit for n-Channel
Common Source MOSFET

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-32

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 Unity-Gain Bandwidth

gm
fT
2 (C gs C gd )

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-33

McGraw-Hill
 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit with
Miller Capacitance: MOSFET

C M C gd [1 g m RL ]

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-34

McGraw-Hill
 Common-Emitter Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-35

McGraw-Hill
 High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Common Emitter

1
fH
2 [r RB RS ](C C )

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-36

McGraw-Hill
 PSpice Results for Common Emitter

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-37

McGraw-Hill
 Common-Base Amplifier

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-38

McGraw-Hill
 High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Common Base

1 1
f H f H
2 [
r
RB RS ]C 2 ( RC RL )C
1

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-39

McGraw-Hill
 PSpice Results for Common Emitter

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-40

McGraw-Hill
 Cascode
Circuit

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-41

McGraw-Hill
 High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Cascode

1 1
f H f H
2 [ RS RB1 r 1 ](C 1 CM 1 ) 2 ( RC RL )C 2

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-42

McGraw-Hill
 PSpice Results for Cascode

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-43

McGraw-Hill
 Emitter-Follower Circuit

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-44

McGraw-Hill
 High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit:
Emitter Follower

1
fH
C
2 [ RS RB (1 g m RL' )r ](C )
1 g m RL
'

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-45

McGraw-Hill
 PSpice Results for Emitter Follower

Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 7-46

McGraw-Hill