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What Is Cancer?
CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Weight loss
Persistent Fever
Fatigue
Sores
Bowel patterns
Pain
Indigestion
Lump
Unusual bleeding
Different Kinds of Cancer
Leukemias:
Some common
Bloodstream
carcinomas:
Lung Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Breast (women)
Colon
Some common
Bladder sarcomas:
Prostate (men) Fat
Bone
Muscle
Artwork by Jeanne Kelly. 2004.
Naming Cancers
Cancer Prefixes Point to Location
Prefix Meaning
adeno- gland -
chondro- cartilage -
erythro- red blood cell
hemangio- blood vessels
hepato- liver -
lipo- fat-
lympho- lymphocyte
melano- pigment cell
myelo- bone marrow
myo- muscle -
osteo- bone -
Loss of Normal Growth Control
Normal
cell division
Cell damage-
no repair
Cancer
cell division
___ Jjaa
Brain
Melanoma
cells travel
through
bloodstream
Liver
Melanoma
(initial tumor)
* Growth factors
* Oncogene
FAILURE TO RESPOND TO STOP
(NEGATIVE) SIGNALS
Contact inhibition
Death signals
p53
UNLIMITED CELL DIVISION
* Telomeres
Telomerases
SUSTAINED ANGIOGENESIS
(STIMULATION OF BLOOD VESSEL
GROWTH)
Nutrient, oxygen
TISSUE INVASION AND METASTASIS
Migration
COMMON DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Blood test
Imaging test
Biopsy
Cancer Staging
BLOOD TESTS
* Examples includes:
Normal
Pap smear
Abnormal
Pap smear
Breast Cancer Screening
Colon Cancer Screening
a relative to nuclei
Los
s of
nor
mal
spe^ Disorganized arrangement
2004.
cial
ize
d
Poorly defined tumor boundary
cell
feat
ure
s
Tumor Grading
General Relationship Between
Tumor Grade and Prognosis
100%
Low grade
Patient
Survival
Rate
High grade
Years
Tumor Staging
Five-Year Survival Rates for
Patients with Melanoma (by stage)
100%
50%
Radiation
Chemicals
Environmental toxins
Others
RADIATION
Virus inserts
Number of 300
Cancer Cases
(per 100,000
people) 200
100
0 20 40 60 80
Age of Person (in years)
DNA Mutation
CT AACT
Normal gene
CG AACT
Single base change
Deletions
Oncogenes
Normal cell
Cancer cell
Growth factor
Receptor
0 Signaling enzymes
Transcription
factors
DNA
Cell nucleus
ell t
Cell proliferatio
Oncogenes are
Mutant Forms of Proto-Oncogenes
Inactive growth factor receptor Inactive intracellular
signaling protein
Damage to
both genes
leads to
cancer
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Act Like a Brake Pedal
Tumor Suppressor
Growth factor
Receptor
Cell nucleus
Matrix
Fibroblasts,
adipocytes Blood vessel Cytokines!
* Surgery
* Radiation
* Chemotherapy
* Others
SURGERY
* Damage DNA
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
Pharmacogenomics
Specialized treatment based on
human genetics
Fewer side effects
TUMOUR VACCINE
Clinical Trails