Engineering Electromagnetics

Lecture 9

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul

President University
http://zitompul.wordpress.com
2 0 1 6
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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
Now let us consider two conductors
embedded in a homogenous dielectric.
Conductor M2 carries a total positive
charge Q, and M1 carries an equal
negative charge Q.
No other charges present the total
charge of the system is zero.

The charge is carried on the surface as

a surface charge density.
The electric field is normal to the
conductor surface.
Each conductor surface is an
equipotential surface

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
The electric flux is directed from M2
to M1, thus M2 is at the more positive
potential.
Works must be done to carry a
positive charge from M1 to M2.
Let us assign V0 as the potential
difference between M2 and M1.
We may now define the capacitance
of this two-conductor system as the
ratio of the magnitude of the total
charge on either conductor to the
magnitude of the potential difference
between the conductors.
C
S
E dS
Q
C E dL
V0

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
The capacitance is independent of the potential
and total charge for their ratio is constant. C
S
E dS

If the charge density is increased by a factor, E dL

Gauss's law indicates that the electric flux
density or electric field intensity also increases
by the same factor, as does the potential
difference.

Capacitance is a function only of the physical dimensions of

the system of conductors (dS and dL) and of the permittivity of
the homogenous dielectric ().
Capacitance is measured in farads (F), 1 F = 1 C/V.

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/4

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
We will now apply the definition of capacitance to a simple two-
conductor system, where the conductors are identical, infinite
parallel planes, and separated a distance d to each other.

S
E az

D S a z

The charge on the lower plane is positive, since D is upward.

DN Dz S
The charge on the upper plane is negative,
DN Dz S

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
The potential difference between lower and upper planes is:
0 S S
E dL
lower
V0 dz d
upper d
The total charge for an area S of either plane, both with linear
dimensions much greater than their separation d, is:
Q S S
The capacitance of a portion of the infinite-plane arrangement,
far from the edges, is:
Q S
C
V0 d

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
Example
Calculate the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor having a
mica dielectric, r = 6, a plate area of 10 in2, and a separation
of 0.01 in.

S 10 in 2 S
C
10 in 2 (2.54 102 m in)2 d
6.452 103 m2 (6)(8.854 1012 )(6.452 103 )

2.54 104
d 0.01 in
1.349 nF
0.01in (2.54 102 m in)
2.54 104 m

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance
The total energy stored in the capacitor is:
WE 12 E 2 dv
vol
S
2

2 dv
1 S
C
vol
d
1 S d S
2
S
2 dzdS V0 d
0 0
2
Q
12 S Sd C
2 V0
1 S S
2 d 2

d 2
2
Q
WE 12 CV02 12 QV0 12
C

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/8

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

As first example, consider a coaxial cable or coaxial capacitor
of inner radius a, outer radius b, and length L.
The capacitance is given by: L a
V ln
2
ab
Q 2 L b
C
Vab ln(b a ) Q L L

Next, consider a spherical capacitor formed of two concentric

spherical conducting shells of radius a and b, b>a.
Q 4 Vab
Q 1 1
C
Vab 1 1 4 a b
a b

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/9

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

If we allow the outer sphere to become infinitely large, we
obtain the capacitance of an isolated spherical conductor:
C 4 a
A sphere about the size of a marble, with a diameter of 1 cm,
will have:
C 0.556 pF
Coating this sphere with a different dielectric layer, for which
= 1, extending from r = a to r = r1,
Q
Dr
4 r 2
Q
Er (a r r1 )
41r 2

Q
(r r1 )
4 0 r 2
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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

While the potential difference is:
a Qdr r1 Qdr
Va V
r1 4 r 2 4 r 2
1 0

Q 1 1 1 1

4 1 a r1 0 r1
Therefore,
4
C
1 1 1 1

1 a r1 0 r1

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/11

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

A capacitor can be made up of several dielectrics.
Consider a parallel-plate capacitor of area S and spacing d,
d << linear dimension of S.
The capacitance is 1S/d, using a dielectric of permittivity 1.
Now, let us replace a part of this dielectric by another of
permittivity 2, placing the boundary between the two dielectrics
parallel to the plates.
Assuming a charge Q on
one plate, S = Q/S, while
DN1 = DN2, since D is only
normal to the boundary.
E1 = D1/1 = Q/(1S),
E2 = D2/2 = Q/(2S).
V1 = E1d1,
V2 = E2d2.
Q Q 1 1
C
V0 V1 V2 d1 d
2
1 1

1S 2 S C1 C2
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/12
 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Several Capacitance Examples

Another configuration is when the
dielectric boundary were placed
normal to the two conducting plates
and the dielectrics occupied areas
of S1 and S2.

Assuming a charge Q on one plate,

Q = S1S1 + S2S2.
S1 = D1 = 1E1,
S2 = D2 = 2E2.
V0 = E1d = E2d.

Q 1S1 2 S 2
C C1 C2
V0 d

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/13

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

The configuration of the two-wire line consists of two parallel
conducting cylinders, each of circular cross section.
We shall be able to find complete information about the electric
field intensity, the potential field, the surface charge density
distribution, and the capacitance.
This arrangement is an important type of transmission line.

Schematics of a
transmission line
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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

The capacitance, together with conductance, forms a shunt
admittance of a transmission line.
The line capacitance is proportional to the length of the
transmission line.
When an alternating voltage is applied to the line, the line
capacitance draws a leading sinusoidal current, called the
charging current.

The charging current is negligible for lines

less than 100 km long. For longer lines, the
capacitance becomes increasingly
important and has to be accounted for.
The value of such capacitance is
significantly higher with underground
cables than with overhead lines, due to the
close proximity of the individual conductors.

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

The potential field of two
infinite line charges, with
a positive line charge in
the xz plane at x = a and
a negative line at x = a,
is shown below.
The potential of a single
line charge with zero
reference at a radius of
R0 is:
L R0
V ln
2 R
The combined potential field can be written as:
L R10 R20 L R10 R2
V ln ln ln
2 R1 R2 2 R20 R1

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

We choose R10 = R20, thus placing the zero reference at equal
distances from each line.
Expressing R1 and R2 in terms of x and y,
L ( x a) 2 y 2 L ( x a) 2 y 2
V ln ln
2 ( x a) y
2 2
4 ( x a)2 y 2
To recognize the equipotential surfaces, some algebraic
manipulations are necessary.
Choosing an equipotential surface V = V1, we define a
dimensionless parameter K1 as:
K1 e 4V1 L

so that
( x a) 2 y 2
K1
( x a) 2 y 2
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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

After some multiplications and algebra, we obtain:
K1 1
x 2ax
2
y2 a2 0
K1 1
2
2a K1
2
K1 1
xa y
2

K1 1 K 1
1
The last equation shows that the
V = V1 equipotential surface is
independent of z and intersects
the xy plane in a circle of radius b,
2a K1
b
K1 1
The center of the circle is x = h, y = 0, where:
K1 1
ha
K1 1
President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/18
 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

Let us now consider a zero-potential conducting plane located
at x = 0, and a conducting cylinder of radius b and potential V0
with its axis located a distance h from the plane.
Solving the last two equations for a and K1 in terms of b and h,
a h2 b2
h h2 b2
K1
b
The potential of the cylinder is V0, so that:
K1 e2V0 L

Therefore,
4V0 2V0
L
ln K1 ln K1
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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

Given h, b, and V0, we may determine a, K1, and L.
The capacitance between the cylinder and the plane is now
available. For a length L in the z direction,
L L
4 L 2 L
C
V0 ln K1 ln K1

2 L 2 L
C

1
ln h h2 b2 b cosh ( h b)

Prove the equity by solving
quadratic equation in e,
where cosh()=h/b.
cosh() = (e+e )/2

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/20

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

Example
The black circle shows the
cross section of a cylinder of
5 m radius at a potential of
100 V in free space. Its axis is
13 m away from a plane at
zero potential.
b 5, h 13, V0 100
a h2 b2 132 52 12
h h2 b2 13 12
K1 5 K1 25
b 5
4 V0 4 (8.854 1012 )(100)
L 3.46 nC m
ln K1 ln 25
2 2 (8.854 1012 )
C 1
1
34.6 pF m
cosh (h b) cosh (13 5)
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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

We may also identify the
cylinder representing the 50 V
equipotential surface by
finding new values for K1, b,
and h.

K1 e 4V1 L
4 8.8541012 50 3.46109
e
5
2a K1 2 12 5
b 13.42 m
K1 1 5 1

K1 1 5 1
ha 12 18 m
K1 1 5 1

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/22

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

L ( x a) 2 y 2
E ln 2
2 ( x a ) 2
y
L 2( x a)a x 2 ya y 2( x a)a x 2 ya y

2 ( x a) y2 2
( x a) 2 y 2

2( x a)a x 2 ya y 2( x a)a x 2 ya y
D E = L
2 ( x a ) 2
y 2
( x a ) 2
y 2

L hb a h b a
S ,max Dx , x h b , y 0 =
(h b a ) 2 (h b a ) 2
2

3.46 109 13 5 12 13 5 12
S ,max
(13 5 12)2 (13 5 12) 2 0.165 nC m 2

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/23

 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

L hba hba
S ,min Dx, x h b, y 0 =
(h b a) 2 (h b a) 2
2
3.46 109 13 5 12 13 5 12
S ,min
(13 5 12)2 (13 5 12) 2 0.073 nC m 2

- +
- +
- +
- - + +
- +
- +
- +

S ,min Dx , x h b, y 0
S ,max Dx , x h b , y 0

S ,max 2.25 S ,min

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line

For the case of a conductor with b << h, then:

ln h h2 b2 b

ln h h b ln 2h b

2 L (b h)
C
ln(2h b)

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 Chapter 6 Dielectrics and Capacitance

Homework 9
D6.4.
D6.5.
D6.6.

Deadline: Tuesday, 7 June 2016.

For D6.5., replace 0.12 m2, 100 J/m3, 100 m with
StID/100 m2, BMonth*10 J/m3, StID+50 m
Example: Rudi Bravo (002201700016) was born on 3 June 2002.
Rudi will do D6.5 with 0.16 m2, 60 J/m3, 66 m.

For D6.6., replace 1 cm, 20 V, 5 cm with

StID cm, BMonth V, StID+7 cm
Example: Rudi Bravo (002201700016) was born on 3 June 2002.
Rudi will do D6.6 with 16 cm, 6 V, 23 cm.

President University Erwin Sitompul EEM 9/26