Lets Talk About

SEX
1. What is Human Sexuality?
2. Male & Female Anatomy
3. Physiology & Sexual Response
4. Love & Attraction
5. Relationships,
Communication & Intimacy
6. Sexual Orientation & Atypical
Behavior
7. STIs
8. Conception, Pregnancy &
What is
Human
Sexuality?
Make-up Of An Individuals
Unique Sexual Being:

o physical
o psychological
o social
o cultural
o spiritual
Five Features of Sexuality:

o Sensuality
o Intimacy
o Sexual Identity
o Reproduction
o Sexualization
 SENSUALITY
awareness and acceptance of our own body

o knowledge of anatomy & physiology

o understanding sexual response
o body image
o satisfaction of skin hunger
o attraction template
o fantasy
 INTIMACY
experiencing emotional closeness to another

o caring
o sharing
o risk taking
o vulnerability
o self disclosure
 SEXUAL IDENTITY
process of discovering who we are in terms of sexuality

o gender roles
o orientation
o self esteem & confidence level
o relationships with family & friends
o roles as child & adult
o perception of self as male/female
 REPRODUCTION
values, attitudes & behaviors relating to reproduction

o contraception & fertility issues

o lifestyles
o STIs (including AIDS)
o anatomy & physiology
o morality issues
 SEXUALIZATION
use of sexuality to influence, control or manipulate

o style of dress
o appearance & body language
o advertising
o movies, talk shows & media
o harassment & sexual assault
o paraphilias (voyeurism, exhibitionism)
 Values
VALUES: the qualities in life which are
deemed important or unimportant, right
or wrong, desirable or undesirable

MORAL VALUES: relate to our conduct

with and treatment of other people,
more than just right or wrong, looks at
the whole picture
 Values
SEXUAL MORAL VALUES: relate to the
rightness and wrongness of sexual conduct
and when and how sexuality should be
expressed

SOURCES OF SEXUAL VALUES: we acquire

our sexual values from our social
environment
Research
Founders
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
Austrian physician

Personality theory based on sex drive as

our principle motivating force
Research
Founders
ALFRED KINSEY (1894-1956):
American zoologist

First comprehensive survey ~ interviewed

12,000 subjects
Research
Founders
WILLIAM MASTERS & VIRGINIA
JOHNSON (1960s):

Lab observations of 700 subjects to study

human sexual response stages
Female
Anatomy
MONS VENERIS:

fatty tissue that covers the joint of the

pubic bones in front of the body, below
the abdomen
cushions a womans body during sexual
intercourse, protecting her and her partner
from the pressure against the pubic bone
LABIA MAJORA:

large folds of skin that run downward

from the mons along the sides of the
vulva
amply supplied with nerve endings
that respond to stimulation
shield the inner portions of the female
genitals
LABIA MINORA:

hairless, light colored membranes

located between the labia majora
they surround the urethral and vaginal
opening
at the top, they join at the hood of the
clitoris
highly sensitive to sexual stimulation
darken and swell when stimulated
CLITORIS:

female sex organ located above the

urethral opening
serves no known function other than
sexual pleasure

PREPUCE:

hood that covers the clitoris

URETHRAL OPENING:

opening through which urine passes

from the females body

VAGINAL OPENING:

lies below and is larger than the

urethral opening, covered by a hymen
HYMEN:

fold of tissue across the vaginal

opening that is usually present at birth
and remains at least partially intact
until a woman engages in coitus

PUBO COCCYGEUS MUSCLE:

muscles that encircle the entrance to the

vagina (Kegel exercises)
VAGINA:

usually 3 to 5 inches long

extends back and upward from the
vaginal opening
menstrual flow and babies pass from
the uterus through the vagina
during coitus, the penis is contained
within the vagina
CERVIX:

is the lower end of the uterus

its walls, like the vagina, produce
secretions that contribute to the chemical
balance of the vagina
the opening in the middle of the cervix,
called the os, is normally the width of a
straw
os expands to permit passage of a baby
during childbirth
UTERUS (aka WOMB):

the organ in which a fertilized

egg implants and develops until birth

ENDOMETRIUM:

innermost layer of tissue which is

discharged during menstruation
tissue may grow in the abdominal cavity
or elsewhere ~ Endometriosis
OVARIES (2):

almond shaped organs, each about 1.5

inches long
produce egg cells (ova) and female sex
hormones estrogen and progesterone
Male
Anatomy
PENIS:

male organ of sexual intercourse

contains the opening through which
semen and urine pass

CORPUS CAVERNOSUM (2):

cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis

that become congested with blood and
stiffen during sexual arousal
SCROTUM:

pouch of loose skin that

becomes covered lightly with hair at puberty
consists of two compartments which
hold the testes

TESTES (2):

produce germ cells (sperm) and male sex

hormone testosterone
TESTOSTERONE:

stimulates prenatal differentiation

of male sex organs, sperm production and
development of secondary sex characteristics
(ex. beard, deep voice)

VAS DEFERENS (2):

thin cylindrical tube about 16 inches long

that serves as a conduit for sperm
SEMINAL VESICLES (2):

small glans each about 2 inches long

lie behind the bladder and open into
the ejaculatory ducts, where the fluids they
secrete combine with sperm
the fluid they produce nourishes sperm and
helps them become active
PROSTATE GLAND:

lies beneath the bladder

contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue
that secrete prostatic fluid which is
milky and alkaline
provides the characteristic texture and
odor of the seminal fluid
the alkalinity neutralizes some of the
acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the
life span of sperm as it passes through the
female reproductive system
COWPERS GLANDS (2):

lie below the prostate

empty their secretion into the urethra
during sexual arousal they secrete a
drop or so of clear, slippery fluid that
appears at the urethral opening
SEMEN:

made up of fluids from the

seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowpers
glands
about 70% of the ejaculate is secreted by the
seminal vesicle
the other 30% consists of sperm and fluids
from the prostate gland and Cowpers gland
sperm only accounts for 1% of semen
ejaculate = 200 - 400 million sperm
Physiology
& Sexual
Response
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUATION:

the cyclical bleeding that stems from

the shedding of the uterine lining
humans ~ averages 28 days
regulated by estrogen & progesterone
ovulation may not occur each time
follows ovulation by 14 days (2)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

MENARCHE:

the onset of menstruation, the first

period
the first few years of menstruation
may be anovulatory (no ovulation)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENOPAUSE:

the cessation of menstruation

commonly occurs between the
ages of 45 & 50 and lasts 2 years
estrogen levels drop producing
many unpleasant side effects (ex.
night sweats, hot flashes)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MAN-OPAUSE (?):

men cannot undergo menopause

because they have never menstruated
they can experience a gradual
decline in testosterone levels but it is
unlike the sharp decline of estrogen
MENSTRUAL CYCLE

DYSMENORRHEA:

mild to severe pain or discomfort

during menstruation
pelvic cramps, nausea, headaches,
backaches, bloating
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS):

symptoms that regularly afflict many

women during the four to six days
prior to menstruation each month
combination physical & psychological
ex. anxiety, depression, irritability,
weight gain, abdominal pain
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
SEX DURING MENSTRUATION:

no evidence that sex during

menstruation is physically harmful
many couples continue to engage in
sex while others abstain
may be helpful in relieving cramps by
dispelling blood congestion
SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
ERECTION:

the enlargement and stiffening of the

penis as a consequence of filling with
blood (a spinal reflex)
can double in length and become firm
in a matter of 10-15 seconds
bladder closes off during arousal
SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
EJACULATION:

expulsion of semen from tip of penis

a spinal reflex triggered when sexual
stimulation reaches the threshold
often, but not always, occurs together
with orgasm (subjective sensations)
occurs in two stages
SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
STAGE 1 ~ EMISSION:

involves contractions of the prostate

gland, seminal vesicles & vas deferens
forces seminal fluid into a small tube
called the urethral bulb which closes at
both ends, trapping the fluid
SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
STAGE 2 ~ EXPULSION:

propulsion of seminal fluid through

the urethra and out of the urethral
opening at the tip of the penis
the muscles at the base of the penis
contract rhythmically, expelling semen
usually accompanied by orgasm
SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
RETROGRADE EJACULATION:

ejaculate empties into the bladder

rather than being expelled
result is a dry orgasm
usually harmless as the semen is later
expelled during urination but may have
an underlying health risk cause
SEXUAL RESPONSE
APHRODISIAC:

a substance that arouses or increases

ones capacity for sexual pleasure
no foods have been shown to be
sexually stimulating
Spanish Fly is a toxic irritant
basic fuel of desire = testosterone
SEXUAL RESPONSE
PHEROMONES:

chemical substances secreted externally

which are odorless
detected through a sixth sense
triggering sexual behavior in many
organisms
contained in vaginal secretions & urine
SEXUAL RESPONSE
ORGASM:

the climax of sexual excitement

similar physiological response to sexual
stimulation for men and women
described by Kaplan as a three-stage
model of sexual response
KAPLANS MODEL
STAGE 1 ~ DESIRE:

the drive & interest level for sexual

activity which arises in the brain
testosterone is the key hormone for
desire level in both men & women
strengthened by fantasy & stimulation
KAPLANS MODEL
STAGE 2 ~ EXCITEMENT:

increased muscle tension, heart rate &

blood pressure
women engorged clitoris, labia &
vagina, vaginal lubrication
men penile erection, enlargement &
elevation of testes, Cowpers secretion
KAPLANS MODEL
STAGE 3 ~ ORGASM:

involuntary muscle spasms throughout

body, mostly in vagina & penis
blood pressure, heart rate & respiration
peak
slightly longer duration for females
MASTURBATION

sexual self-stimulation either manual or

with the aid of an artificial device such
as a vibrator
physically & psychologically harmless
negative attitudes may be associated
reasons: relieve sexual tension, for
physical pleasure, to relax, partner
unavailable, to get to sleep
 LOVE
&
ATTRACTION
ATTRACTION
minimal standards for attractiveness?
beauty in the eye of the beholder?
do men prefer big breasts?
opposites attract?
should I put on a happy face?
what do you look for long-term?
the matching hypothesis
ATTRACTION
MINIMAL STANDARDS FOR
ATTRACTIVENESS

o sensitivity, warmth and intelligence

ARE NOT more important to us
o research shows that attractiveness is
the key factor when choosing a partner
 ATTRACTION
EYE OF THE BEHOLDER

o broad agreement among cultures that

we all want physically attractive partners
o many men prefer women to be less
slender than many women think
o many men prefer a bust size smaller
than what women think
 ATTRACTION
DO OPPOSITES ATTRACT?

o we are drawn to those with similar

attitudes, background & tastes
o match made in the neighborhood, not
in heaven
o women place more value on similar
attitude, men on physical attraction
 ATTRACTION
COME ON, SMILE

o a smile DOES make you more attractive

o both genders rated a smiling photo
more attractive than a non-smiling pose
o more true for photos of women than
photos of men
 ATTRACTION
LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS

o physical attraction was rated lower for men

& women when discussing long-term
relationship appeal
o warmth, honesty, sensitivity & faithfulness
ranked higher
o single most important quality - HONESTY
 ATTRACTION
MATCHING HYPOTHESIS

o who is right for you?

o people tend to develop romantic
relationships with people who are similar to
themselves
o motive for seeking matches seems to be
fear of rejection by more appealing people
ATTRACTION TEMPLATE
WHAT SOCIETY SAYS

NICE IF

SHOULD

MUST
 LOVE
STYLES OF LOVE

romantic love
game-playing love
friendship
logical love
possessive / excited love
selfless love
 LOVE
ROMANTIC LOVE:

lust
similar to our concept of passion
my lover fits my ideal
my lover & I were attracted to one
another immediately
 LOVE
GAME-PLAYING LOVE:

the chase is most important

I get over affairs pretty easily
I keep my lover up in the air about my
commitment
 LOVE
FRIENDSHIP:

respect, intimacy
loving attachment with nonsexual affection
the best love grows out of an enduring
friendship
 LOVE
LOGICAL LOVE:

practical
I consider my lovers potential in life
before committing myself
I consider whether my lover will be a
good parent
 LOVE
POSSESSIVE / EXCITED LOVE:

passion
I get so excited about my love that I
cannot sleep
when my lover ignores me I get sick all
over
 LOVE
SELFLESS LOVE:

similar to generosity & charity

I would do anything I can to help my
lover
my lovers needs & wishes are more
important than my own
unhealthy if only one partner
TRIANGULAR
THEORY OF
LOVE
THREE COMPONENTS OF LOVE
INTIMACY:
the experience of warmth toward another
person that arises from feelings of closeness,
bondedness & connectedness to the other

PASSION:
an intense romantic or sexual desire for
another person, which is accompanied by
physical arousal

COMMITMENT / DECISION:
a component of love that involves both short
and long-term issues
(CONSUMMATE)

PASSION
 NON LOVE

all three components of love are

absent
Most of our personal relationships are of
this type
Casual acquaintances that do not involve
any elements of love
 LIKING=
INTIMACY ONLY

A loving experience with another

person or friendship in which
intimacy is present but passion &
commitment are not
 INFATUATION=
PASSION ONLY

Passionate, obsessive love at first

sight without intimacy or commitment
 EMPTY LOVE=
COMMITMENT ONLY

Decision to love each other without

intimacy or passion
Includes stagnant relationships that no
longer involve emotional intimacy or
physical attraction
 ROMANTIC LOVE=
INTIMACY & PASSION

Lovers physically & emotionally

attracted to each other but without
commitment
Includes a summer romance
 COMPANIONATE LOVE=
INTIMACY &
COMMITMENT

Long-term committed friendship such

as a marriage in which the passion has
faded
 FATUOUS LOVE=
PASSION & COMMITMENT

Commitment based on passion but

without the time for intimacy to
develop
Includes a whirlwind courtship
 CONSUMMATE
LOVE

The full or complete measure of love

Involving the combination of passion,
intimacy & commitment / decision
Many of us strive to achieve this love
Maintaining this love is even more
difficult than achieving it
 INTIMACY
RELATIONSHIPS
&
COMMUNICATION
 A COUPLES
JOURNEY

HOW A
RELATIONSHIP
DEVELOPS
 the road is long
FIVE STAGES

ROMANCE
POWER STRUGGLE
STABILITY
COMMITMENT
CO-CREATION
 COUPLES JOURNEY

ROMANCE

we sense our possibilities &

create a shared vision
 COUPLES JOURNEY

POWER STRUGGLE

we learn to recognize and validate

differing needs and perceptions
we learn to say who we are &
what we want
should be symmetrical, parallel,
complimentary
 COUPLES JOURNEY

STABILITY

learn to take responsibility & expand our

senses of identity through dialogue with
each other
our differences are OK
we each have our strengths
 COUPLES JOURNEY

COMMITMENT

experience ourselves as interdependent ~

we
learn to live with impossibility &
unsolvable problems
 MYTHS OF LONG-TERM
RELATIONSHIPS
Relationships will make you feel complete
Your partner should change for you if s/he really loves you
If you truly love each other, romance should continue
Your partner should understand you
Any differences should always be settled
In a good relationship, you have identical dreams & goals
A relationship must be stable in order to be healthy
The more open you are with your partner, the more
satisfying the relationship will be
If you are not fulfilled, your relationship must be at fault
Sexual disinterest is inevitable in a long-term relationship
HOW MARRIED PEOPLE MET
THEIR PARTNER Mutual Friends
(MICHAEL ET AL., 1994)

5 Self Introductions
13
35
Family Members
15

Co-workers,
32 Classmates or
Neighbors
Other
 JEALOUSY

the green-eyd monster Shakespeare

evidence of jealousy in all cultures
can impair a relationship by producing
feelings of mistrust or possessiveness
fear of losing the loved one, anger
may lead to depression, spousal abuse,
suicide or even murder
in mild forms, can reveal how much you care
 JEALOUSY

may derive from low self-esteem

these people are often overly
dependent on their partner
fear that they will not find another partner
for women, feelings of inadequacy lead to
feelings of jealousy
for men, jealousy leads to inadequacy
can lead to perceiving anyone as a rival
 JEALOUSY

unfortunately, many lovers play games

they let their partner know they are
attracted to other people
they flirt openly with others
they may make up stories to get more
attention from their partner, to inflict pain, or
to take revenge
 LONELINESS

many people experience loneliness,

sometimes even in a relationship
loneliness can cause depression, anxiety
& withdrawal from social activities
lonely people tend to have several of the
following characteristics:
 LONELY PEOPLE

lack of social skills

lack of interest in other people
lack of empathy
fear of rejection
failure to disclose personal information
to potential friends
cynical about human nature
demanding too much too soon
general pessimism
 REDUCE LONELINESS

CHALLENGE FEELINGS OF
PESSIMISM

adopt the attitude that things happen

for you when you make them happen
make a plan for your future & start
with small steps, one day at a time
remind yourself of all the things you
can be grateful for in your life
 REDUCE LONELINESS

CHALLENGE YOUR CYNICISM ABOUT

HUMAN NATURE

yes, lots of people are selfish & not worth

knowing
but, if you assume all people are like that you
are doomed to loneliness
find people who have the qualities that you
value ~ they are out there!
 REDUCE LONELINESS

FAILURE OF RELATIONSHIPS IS
NO REASON FOR GIVING UP

yes, a break-up can be awful & social rejection

can be painful
face it, we are not going to appeal to everyone
& must learn to live with rejection
keep looking for those people that have
qualities which you value
 REDUCE LONELINESS

IMPROVE YOUR
DATE-SEEKING SKILLS

sit with people in the cafeteria instead of

by yourself in a corner
SMILE and say hi to people that
interest you
practice opening lines in front of a mirror
 REDUCE LONELINESS
MAKE SOCIAL CONTACTS

join committees
attend recreational activities
go to church
join social action groups such as
community betterment or environmental
help out at your local animal shelter
go to drop-in centres
 REDUCE LONELINESS

BECOME A GOOD LISTENER

ask people how theyre doing

ask for their opinion about events & activities
actually listen to what they say before you
plan your response
tolerate different opinions no two people
will have identical perspectives
 REDUCE LONELINESS

REMEMBER THAT YOU

ARE WORTHY OF FRIENDS

yup, warts & all, you can be a good friend

none of us is perfect (or even close to it)
we are all unique & you may connect with
more people than you imagine
give people a chance!
 INTIMACY

involves feelings of emotional closeness

& connectedness with another person
desire to share each others innermost
thoughts & feelings
mutual trust, caring & acceptance
does not have to be sexual (ex. friends,
family that you are very close to)
 INTIMACY
REQUIRES:

knowing & liking yourself

trusting & caring
being honest
making a commitment
maintaining individuality
communicating
 INTIMACY

KNOWING & LIKING YOURSELF:

coming to know & value yourself is

important to build intimacy with others
know your innermost needs & feelings
develop the security to share those
feelings
 INTIMACY

TRUSTING & CARING:

with trust comes feelings of security to

disclose information & feelings
trust builds gradually as partners learn
whether or not it is safe to share
caring is an emotional bond
involves meeting each others needs
 INTIMACY
BEING HONEST:

involves sharing freely & openly

does not mean partners must tell each
other everything, but there is a healthy
balance of revealing information
total honesty can be devastating to a
relationship, especially when it comes to
past relationships or criticism
 INTIMACY
MAKING A COMMITMENT:

requires commitment to maintain the

relationship through good times & bad
does not mean that the relationship must
be lifelong
the couple commits to work together to
overcome problems instead of running at
the first sign of trouble
 INTIMACY

MAINTAINING INDIVIDUALITY:

when the I becomes we

neither partner should take on the
personality of the other person
each partner should maintain their
interests, goals, needs, likes & dislikes
 INTIMACY

COMMUNICATING:

good communication means sending &

receiving messages with your partner
requires good listening & clear speaking
is not always verbal
 COMMUNICATION
PROBLEMS:

speaker may use words differently

than the listener, leading to misunderstanding
speakers words may not match his or her
tone of voice, facial expression, or body
gestures
speaker may not be able to put into words
what he or she truly means or feels
 COMMUNICATION

NONVERBAL:

feelings are also expressed through tone

of voice, gestures, body posture & facial
expressions
touching the arm, gazing into the eyes,
hugging, holding, speaking softly or
speaking forcefully
 COMMUNICATION
ACTIVE LISTENING:

first, adopt the attitude that you might

actually learn something!
when the other person is speaking, show
that you understand their ideas & feelings
ask questions to help clarify
try to grasp the meaning the speakers
words instead of planning your next line
 COMMUNICATION
PROVIDING INFORMATION:

your partner cannot read your mind!

take the opportunity to tell your partner
that s/he has done something right
when giving criticism, focus on the
problem without causing guilt or fear
do not give ultimatums unless youll
follow through with it
 SEXUAL
ORIENTATION
&
ATYPICAL
BEHAVIOR
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION

the direction of ones sexual interests

can be toward members of the same

gender, opposite gender or both genders
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION
HETEROSEXUAL

attraction & preference for romantic

relationships with other gender

HOMOSEXUAL

attraction & preference for romantic

relationships with same gender
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION
BISEXUAL

attraction & interest for romantic

relationships with both genders

DID YOU KNOW

sexual feelings involving people of ones
own gender are common in adolescence &
do not mean that one will be gay in
adulthood?
 SEXUAL ORIENTATION
KINSEY SCALE

a 7-point heterosexual-homosexual scale

that classifies people according to their
homosexual behavior & the magnitude of
their attraction to members of their own
gender
category 0 = exclusively heterosexual
category 6 = exclusively homosexual
 HETROSEXUAL

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

HOMOSEXUAL
 KINSEY SCALE
0= exclusively heterosexual
1= heterosexual, 1-2 homosexual experiences
2= mostly heterosexual, some homosexual
3= bisexual (equal)
4= mostly homosexual, some heterosexual
5= homosexual, 1-2 heterosexual experiences
6= exclusively homosexual

Looks only at BEHAVIOR, not at FEELINGS, DESIRE or FANTASY

 ATTITUDES

one U.S. survey found that of males aged 15

19, 90% of them felt that sex between gay
men was disgusting
60% would not even consider being friends with a
gay man
in 2000, 9 out of 10 Canadians believed there
should be equal job opportunities for homosexuals
yet, only 4 out of 10 support gay marriages
 GENETICS

there is evidence that gay sexual orientation

runs in families
biological & psychological factors also influence
if one identical twin is gay, there is a 50 - 65%
chance that the other twin is also gay
compared to 22% of fraternal situations
autopsies found that a segment of the brains
hypothalamus was less than half the size of a
heterosexual
 ATYPICAL BEHAVIOR

sexual behaviors which are unusual or abnormal

sexual arousal involving a preference for nongenital

sexual outlets

patterns of sexual behavior or arousal that appear

problematic in the eyes of the individual or society are
called paraphilias
 PARAPHILIAS

involve sexual arousal in response to unusual stimuli,

such as children, nonconsenting persons,
nonhuman objects, or pain & humiliation

are diagnosed when sexual fantasies, urges or

behaviors cause significant distress or interfere with a
persons ability to function in everyday tasks
 PARAPHILIAS

include:
Fetishism Sadism
Partialism Masochism
Transvestism Zoophilia
Exhibitionism Necrophilia
Voyeurism Nymphomania
Frotteurism Satyriasis
 FETISHISM
when sexual arousal is caused by
an inanimate object

rubber
leather
silk
high-heeled shoes
panties
???
 PARTIALISM

related to fetishism; exaggerated sexual

arousal to a particular body part

feet
buttocks
breasts
???
 TRANSVESTISM

when a person repeatedly cross-dresses

for sexual arousal or is bothered by
recurring urges to cross-dress

most keep it a secret

ranges from one garment to many
almost always male
most are married
 EXHIBITIONISM
persistent, powerful urges &
sexual fantasies involving exposing ones
genitals to unsuspecting strangers for sexual
arousal of oneself

flashing
almost always male
usually begins between ages 13-16
most are not a physical threat
 VOYEURISM
strong, repetitive urges to watch
unsuspecting strangers who are naked,
undressing or having sex

almost always male

may masturbate during or after
usually begins before age 15
not usually violent
many lack social & sexual skills
 FROTTEURISM
recurring, powerful urges to rub
against or touch a nonconsenting
person

mashing
almost always male
buses, subways, elevators, concerts
many women do not realize it has occurred
 OTHERS
SADISM
the desire or need to inflict pain or
humiliation on others for sexual arousal

MASOCHISM
the desire or need for pain or humiliation to
be inflicted on oneself for sexual arousal

TOGETHER, IT IS TERMED S&M

 OTHERS
ZOOPHILIA
repeated sexual urges & fantasies involving
sexual contact with animals
men farm animals
women household pets

NECROPHILIA
the desire for sexual activity with corpses
 OTHERS
NYMPHOMANIA
an excessive sex drive or sexual appetite
in women that is insatiable

SATYRIASIS
an excessive sex drive or sexual appetite in
men that is insatiable
CONCEPTION
PREGNANCY
&
CHILDBIRTH
 CONCEPTION
the union of a sperm & an egg which
normally occurs in a fallopian tube

only 1 in 1000 sperm will reach the egg

gravity
vaginal acidity
swimming against the current
wrong tube
cilia barrier
CONCEPTION
about 2000 sperm get to the right tube

sperm secretes an enzyme which thins

the outer layer of the egg, allowing sperm
to penetrate easier

once a sperm enters the egg, this outer

layer thickens, stopping other sperm from
entering the egg
PREGNANCY
missed period is not always the first sign
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as
early as 8th day of pregnancy with blood test, 3rd
week with urine test
about one month after a missed period a
pelvic exam may show Hegars sign (softness in
the uterus)
 PREGNANCY
about of women experience morning
sickness, which occurs throughout the day
miscarriage can have many causes & about
occur within the first 16 weeks
normal gestation period is 280 days ~ find
the date of the first day of the last menstrual
period & add nine months
 PREGNANCY
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Germinal Stage - about the first 2 weeks

Embryonic Stage - about the first 2 months

Fetal Stage - until birth

 PREGNANCY
Germinal Stage

within 36 hours of conception, the cell divides

divides repeatedly on way to uterus (3-4 days)
wanders about the uterus (another 3-4 days)
implants in the uterine wall (about 7 days)
cells begin to group off & will eventually
become different structures
 PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage

from implantation to about 8th week

major organ systems begin to develop
development occurs from the head downward
& from the centre (spinal cord, organs) outward
3rd week, head & blood vessels begin to form
4th week, primitive heart begins to pump &
arm & leg buds appear
 PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage

AMNITOTIC SAC surrounded by a

clear membrane which contains amniotic fluid to
cushion the embryo from movement & maintains
a steady temperature

PLACENTA allows exchange of nutrients &

waste between the mother & fetus then leaves the
mothers body after delivery (afterbirth)
 PREGNANCY
Fetal Stage

begins by the 9th week & continues to birth

by end of 1st trimester, sex can be determined
visually, major organ systems, fingers, toes &
genitalia have all been formed
mid-4th month, first fetal movements
age of viability = near end of 2nd trimester
7th month, fetus turns upside down
 PREGNANCY
Environmental Influences

DIET malnourished pregnant women during

the 3rd trimester is linked to low birth weight

TERATOGENS agents that can damage an

embryo or fetus (ex: narcotics, nicotine, alcohol,
aspirin, lead, mercury, radiation, bacteria, viruses,
measles, syphilis, chicken pox, )
 CHILDBIRTH
a day or so before labor begins, there
may be a discharge of bloody mucus

1 in 10 women will have their water break as

the amniotic sac bursts
other signs of labor: indigestion, diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, backache
labor begins with onset of regular contractions
 THREE STAGES
First Stage:

- cervix thins & widens, causing most of the pain

- may last a couple of hours or over a day
- contractions become more frequent & strong
- babys head begins to move into the vagina
 THREE STAGES
Second Stage:

- begins when cervix is fully dilated & baby begins

to move into the vagina
- woman is taken to delivery room
- lasts a few minutes to a few hours
- crowning = when the head is visible
- ends with the birth of the baby
 THREE STAGES
Third Stage:

- lasts from a few minutes to over an hour

- begins with the placenta being expelled
- placenta detaches from wall of uterus
- physician sew up tears or episiotomy (small
incision to prevent tearing during childbirth)
 METHODS
NATURAL
women use no anesthesia

GENERAL ANESTHESIA
drugs to put people to sleep & eliminate pain

LOCAL ANESTHESIA
eliminates pain in a certain area of the body
 METHODS
LAMAZE
women learn to relax & to breathe in
patterns that save energy & lesson pain

CESAREAN SECTION
fetus is delivered through a cut in the abdomen
used when normal delivery difficult or
threatens the health of mom or baby
15% is medically appropriate (W.H.O)
 POSTPARTUM
following birth
during the days & weeks that follow
childbirth, 50-80% of mothers will feel sad,
irritable, depressed &/or tearful
Postpartum Depression = persistent &
severe mood changes (15% of new mothers)
includes psychological factors such as previous
depression, stress, troubled marriage
 FEEDING
Breast versus Bottle?

70% of women breast-feed for at least

the first three months
mothers who are older, married, more
educated & living in Western Canada or
Ontario are more likely to breast-feed
breast-feeding reduces risk of infections to baby
& reduces allergies in babies
no other significant differences you decide
 BIRTH
CONTROL
BIRTH CONTROL
1882 illegal to sell or advertise birth
control in Canada
1930s economic depression led to desire to
have small families & birth control became
available to married women only
1950s condoms available in drug stores but
only as prevention of contagious disease
1960s sexual revolution & contraceptive
pill becomes available in Canada
 METHODS
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

the pill consisting of sex hormones

combination pill contains man-made estrogen
& progesterone
minipill contains man-made progesterone,
but no estrogen
effectiveness = 99.5% with perfect use, 97%
with typical use
 METHODS
COMBINATION PILL
taken for 21 days, then no pill or placebo
fools brain into thinking the body is already
pregnant so no eggs mature or are released

MINIPILL
taken every day
mucus in cervix thickens, therefore sperm is
less mobile & inner lining of uterus is less
receptive to a fertilized egg
 METHODS
MORNING AFTER PILL
have high doses of estrogen & progesterone
most effective when taken within 72 hours
long-term health effects are not known

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDs)

small objects of various shapes inserted into
the uterus by a doctor or nurse
usually left for 1-7 years, depending on brand
irritates uterine lining, toxic to sperm / egg
 METHODS
DIAPHRAGM
rubber cap or dome fitted to vagina and
coated with spermicide
inserted prior to sex as a barrier to sperm

SPERMICIDES
chemicals that kill sperm
in form of jelly, foam, cream, gel, suppository
typical use = 21% failure in first year
 METHODS
CONDOMS
made of animal membrane or latex
barrier to sperm entering vagina
can help prevent the spread of AIDS virus &
other STDs
only contraceptive device worn by men
only latex are effective against AIDS virus
not all STDs are protected against
and remember, pre-cum contains sperm!
SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
INFECTIONS
 INFO
EDMONTON STD CENTRE 413-5156
11111 JASPER AVENUE
(GENERAL HOSPITAL)

CALGARY STD CLINIC 297-6562

TOLL FREE 1-800-772-2437

 PREVENTION
only sure way is to avoid sex
have only one partner (who is STD
free & has no other partners)
use condoms & other protection during sex
enjoy risk-free activities (hugging, massage)
do not have casual partners
do not share IV drug equipment
 CAUSES
caused by germs or organisms such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi & parasites
germs need a warm, dark, moist area to
live & grow such as in the genital area
spread from person to person during sexual
intimacy (usually vaginal, anal or oral sex)
most STI can be cured, many cannot
 SYMPTOMS
many people DO NOT develop any
symptoms when they get a STI
they can still be affected & infect others
some general symptoms include:
- unusual discharge
- burning pain when urinating
- itching & burning in genital area
- appearance of sores around genitals
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 BACTERIAL
one-celled microorganisms that cause
many diseases such as pneumonia, TB,
meningitis and:

CHLAMYDIA

GONORRHEA

SYPHILIS
 CHLAMYDIA
the most common bacterial STI in Canada
more than 40,000 new cases a year
especially high among Canadians aged 15-
24
transmitted through vaginal or anal sex
oral sex can infect the throat
infants can be infected at birth from an
infected mother (even by C-section)
 CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS:

men
clear mucous discharge from penis at 1-3
weeks after contact
discomfort or burning sensation in urethra
50% of males might not develop any
symptoms at all
 CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS:

women
unusual vaginal discharge
irregular menstrual bleeding
discomfort during intercourse
80% of females might not develop any
symptoms at all
 CHLAMYDIA
COMPLICATIONS:

left untreated, can infect ovaries & fallopian

tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease
can develop infections in prostate gland &
testicles
babies born to infected women can develop
eye infections or lung problems
 CHLAMYDIA
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

uses the Abbott Testpack

women cervical smear (similar to Pap smear)
men extract fluid using a swab inserted into
the opening of the penis
treated with antibiotics (other than penicillin)
partners without symptoms must also be
treated to prevent further infection
 GONORRHEA
the second most commonly reported
bacterial STI in Canada
more than 4500 new cases a year
especially high among Canadian women
aged 15-24
bacterial die outside the body in one minute
transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex,
or from mother to newborn
oral sex can infect the throat
 GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS:

men
discharge of pus from penis within a week
mild to severe burning while urinating
20% of males might not develop any
symptoms at all
 GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS:

women
unusual vaginal discharge
pain during urination
80% of females might not develop any
symptoms at all
 GONORRHEA
COMPLICATIONS:

left untreated, can infect ovaries & fallopian

tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease
internal scarring & blockage of fallopian tube
can cause sterility, tubal pregnancy or pain
can develop infection & pain in testicles
babies born to infected women can develop
eye infections & even blindness
 GONORRHEA
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

clinical inspection & culture of discharge

often occurs together with chlamydia & is
often treated together with antibiotics
partners without symptoms should also
receive antibiotic treatment
 SYPHILIS
was declining until recently in Canada
may increase transmission of HIV
transmitted through direct contact with a
rash or sore during sex
if not treated, can have very serious
consequences
can be passed on to an unborn child
 SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:

same for men & women

occurs in three stages
First Stage:
in 9-90 days, a painless chancre occurs at
site of infection (up to the size of a quarter)
chancre will heal within 2-4 weeks but the
disease is still active & infectious
 SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:
Second Stage:
lasts 2-6 weeks, after chancre appearance
occurs 2-6 months after initial contact
rash (resembling measles, or heat rash) breaks
out anywhere on body, even hands & feet
loss of appetite, fever, tiredness, hair loss
even when symptoms disappear, remains very
contagious at this stage
 SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:

Third Stage:
lasts from 2-40 years
even without obvious signs, the germs
continue to damage vital organs
can cause blindness, deafness, paralysis,
brain & heart disease
 SYPHILIS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

a blood test detects presence of antibodies

treated with penicillin or other antibiotics
can be cured at any stage
earlier treatment reduces risk of serious
complications
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 VAGINAL
any kind of vaginal infection or inflammation
mostly caused by vaginal organisms or sexually
transmitted infections:

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

CANDIDIASIS

TRICHOMONIASIS
 BACTERIAL
VAGINOSIS (BV)

very common
caused by bacteria transmitted sexually
is an imbalance or overgrowth of bacteria
can be found in the male urethra but no
symptoms usually found
no evidence of benefit for treatment of the
male
 BACTERIAL
VAGINOSIS (BV)
SYMPTOMS IN FEMALE:

thin, watery discharge, gray in color

fishy smell

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

examination & tests using microscope
oral medication or vaginal cream
 CANDIDIASIS
yeast infection, thrush
caused by a fungus called Candida
overgrowth of yeast (often in healthy women)
can be caused by:
- birth control pills
- tight clothing
- colored toilet paper (chemicals used to color)
- diabetes
- scented feminine hygiene products
 CANDIDIASIS
SYMPTOMS:
curdy, white vaginal discharge
itching, redness in genital area

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

examination, swab test & use of microscope
treated with vaginal creams, vaginal
suppositories or oral medication
 TRICHOMONIASIS

trick, caused by a one-celled animal

#1 STI in the world, but not in Canada
acquired during sexual intercourse with an
infected partner
parasite may survive several hours outside the
body (discharge on bedding, towels)
can be picked up from a toilet seat if direct
contact is made
 TRICHOMONIASIS
SYMPTOMS:
usually occur 1-3 weeks after contact
females foul smelling, greenish or yellowish
discharge & itching
males usually no symptoms, but sometimes a
slight urethral discharge or burning

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

examination, swab test & microscope
treated with oral medication or vaginal cream
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 VIRAL
tiny particles of DNA that invade a cell
body & cause it to spread the virus:
AIDS
HERPES
VIRAL HEPATITIS
GENITAL WARTS
 AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,
caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)
HIV attacks & disables the immune system
person is susceptible to infection, cancer,
termed AIDS when system is beyond repair
worldwide 40 million people infected
(2.5 million are children under 15)(2003)
Canada 56, 000 people infected (2002)
 AIDS
SYMPTOMS:
may be no symptoms
2-4 weeks after infection flu-like symptoms
within 6 months of infection, blood test +ve
eventually:
weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, dry cough,
diarrhea, swollen lymph glands, memory
loss, confusion, depression, certain cancers
 AIDS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
blood test for HIV antibodies
95% of test will be +ve after 3 months
full window period is 6 months
test is free & confidential at STD clinic
no vaccine to prevent HIV & no cure
variety of meds can improve health &
increase life expectancy
 HERPES
once you get it, its yours for life!
two types of viruses:
- herpes simplex type 1 oral herpes
- herpes simplex type 2 genital herpes
oral = cold sores & blisters on lips & mouth
genital = sores & blisters on genitals
type 1 can occur on genitals & type 2 can
occur on the mouth
both can be passed with direct skin contact
can be passed even if theres no signs or sores
 HERPES
SYMPTOMS:
usually occur within 1-3 weeks of
infection; can be months or never
may begin with a tingling or burning sensation
fluid-filled blisters appear & soon break
open sores remain on the skin 2-4 weeks
female - vulva, anal opening, vaginal walls
male - penis, scrotum, anal opening
initial outbreak may be accompanied by:
headache, fever, swollen glands, flu feeling
 HERPES
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT & INFO:
examination & swab test to detect
after sores heal, virus becomes dormant
but is still contagious
protection is important at all times
can be triggered by stress, menstruation,
sexual activity, sunlight & fever
can be passed to newborn during delivery
NO CURE, but medication can quicken healing
 HEPATITIS
inflammation of the liver
Hep A contact with infected fecal
matter (contaminated food from not
washing hands, oral-anal sexual activity)
Hep B, C, D - contact with infected saliva,
blood (including menstrual), mucus or
semen through anal, vaginal & oral sex,
sharing needles, razors, toothbrushes
 HEPATITIS
Hep C in Canada 2000 cases per year
Hep A & B 1000 cases each per year
Hep D only occurs in presence of Hep B
very low risk of contracting Hepatitis through
blood transfusion because of tight testing
cannot be spread by casual contact (hugging,
shaking hands)
 HEPATITIS
SYMPTOMS:
may be no symptoms
usually develop slowly, 6-20 weeks
after exposure to the virus
Hep B symptoms tend to be more severe &
longer lasting
includes: jaundice, weakness, nausea, loss of
appetite, abdominal pain, whitish bowel
movements, vomiting, brownish urine
 HEPATITIS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
detected by blood test
no cure for viral hepatitis
90% of people with Hep B will develop
immunity without treatment
10 % will develop cirrhosis or cancer of liver
plenty of rest & fluids are important
vaccination available for Hep B & Hep D
NO vaccine for Hep A or Hep C
 GENITAL WARTS
caused by the human papilloma virus
(HPV)
HPV itself is harmless but can lead to
cancers in genital organs, particularly
cervical or penile cancer
20-33% of sexually active Canadian women
are infected
women are more susceptible because of rapid
cell division in cervix
 GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS:
may never be any symptoms
may appear within weeks or months
itchy bumps that vary in shape & size
flesh colored growths appearing
on or near the genital & anal area
on dry skin hard & yellow-gray color
moist areas soft, pink, cauliflower shape
 GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS:
males usually on head & shaft of
penis, anal area or scrotum
females usually on external genitals,
anal area or inside vagina & cervix
some people do not know they have it
often appear for the first time during pregnancy
 GENITAL WARTS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
visual examination using magnifier
Pap test for females (also screens for cancer)
must be treated by a doctor
various treatments include:
- cryotherapy (freezing it with liquid nitrogen)
- chemicals or creams applied to surface of wart
- electric current or laser therapy to destroy it
- surgical removal
TYPES
bacterial

vaginal

viral

parasitic
 PARASITIC
tiny parasites that live in or out of the
body

ectoparasites live on the outer surface:

pubic lice (crabs)

scabies
 PUBIC LICE
tiny insects living on or near pubic hair
size of a pinhead
range in color from gray to reddish brown
may also be in hair of thigh, chest or underarm
adult crabs lay eggs (nits) on hair
usually cannot be pulled or washed off
can live away from body for up to 2 days
can spread through body contact, bedding,
towels, clothing
 PUBIC LICE
SYMPTOMS:
can be seen with naked eye
area becomes itchy from bites on skin
specks of blood may appear from bites
may have crabs 2-3 weeks before noticing
will not result in serious complications
 PUBIC LICE
TREATMENT:
specific lotions or shampoos are required
& available without prescription
follow instructions for use carefully
all recently used bedding, towels, clothing must
be washed in HOT SOAPY water
mattresses should be vacuumed & disinfected
will frequently recur if not carefully treated
 SCABIES
very contagious skin condition caused
by an almost invisible insect
burrows under the skin to lay eggs
transmitted through sexual contact or from
infected bedding, clothing, towels
often found on hands, wrists, feet, genital
areas, buttocks & armpits
 SCABIES

SYMPTOMS:
itching (more at night)
red bumps, streaks or lines on skin surface
may appear as a rash, sores, welts or blisters
 SCABIES
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:
must be diagnosed by a doctor (rashes
can occur for a variety of reasons)
small scraping of skin must be examined under
microscope to identify mites (too tiny to see with
the naked eye)
treat with medicated lotions (follow directions)
wash all clothing, bedding & towels with HOT
SOAPY water
 SEXUAL
ASSAULT &
COERCION
 What is Sexual Assault?

Any form of sexual contact without voluntary

consent
Can range from unwanted sexual touching to
sexual violence resulting in serious physical
injury
Often referred to as rape
Are assigned levels depending on the seriousness
of the assault
 Levels of Sexual Assault

Level 1 Sexual Assault

Involves no physical injury or minor physical injury
Maximum sentence of 10 years
Level 2 Sexual Assault with a weapon, threats to
a third party or causing bodily harm.
Maximum sentence of 14 years
Level 3 Aggravated sexual assault
Involves wounding, maiming, disfigurement, or
endangering the victims life
Maximum sentence of life
 Incidence Rates

25 493 sexual assaults reported to the police

(1998)
About 1 every 15 minutes
97% of the reported cases were level 1
A national random telephone sample reported
twice as many sexual assaults, many are simply
unreported
 Statistics Canada 1998

85% of the victims of sexual assault were

female
60% of the victims were under the age of 18
Male victims were even younger, averaging age
11.
 Types of Sexual Assault

Stranger sexual assault

Acquaintance sexual assault
Multiple perpetrators (gang rapes)
Sexual assault of men
Spousal sexual assault
Sexual assault by women
 Stranger Sexual Assault

Committed by someone previously unknown

Often select victims who are vulnerable
Live alone, older or retarded, walking down deserted streets,
asleep or intoxicated.
Often try to find a safe place and time to commit the
assault
3% of women over the age of 18 have been assaulted
by a stranger
Women between the ages of 18 44 years were the
most likely to be attacked
Most assaults took place in public places
Street, bars or clubs, or in public buildings
Acquaintance Sexual Assault

Victims are more likely to be assaulted by

someone they know
Classmates, co-workers, family friends, etc.
Often do not perceive what happened as sexual
assault
Can happen in a dating situation
This most often involves intercourse
More likely to occur when the couple have had
too much to drink
 Multiple Perpetrators

Men who participate in group sexual assaults are

trying to conform to the stereotype of
the tough, competent, masculine he-man
Exercise of power is a major motive although
some may also be expressing anger against
women
Often each gang member may become more
aggressive as he takes his turn.
 Sexual Assault of Men

Prevalence is unknown
Estimates of 1 in 10 victims
More likely to be committed by strangers,
usually heterosexual men
Motives include domination and control,
revenge and retaliation, and gang status and
affiliation
 Spousal Sexual Assault

8% of women reported being sexually assaulted

by their partner
Most often goes unreported
Motives vary, but include sex to dominate their
partner, degrade their partner, within the
context of marital violence, or the solution to
all marital disputes
Survivors are often fearful of serious injury or
death.
 Sexual Assault by Women

Rare
Often involves aiding or abetting men
who are attacking another woman
May occur in gang attacks
Often aid in luring a woman into a safe place
for sexual assault or may hold the woman down
while the assault occurs
Women can also sexually assault men
May help in the sexual assault of men as well
 Social Attitudes and Myths

women say no when they mean yes

all women like a man who is pushy and
forceful
the way women dress, they are just asking to
be raped
rapists are crazed by sexual desire
women want to be forced to have sex
 Social Attitudes and Myths

Create a social climate that legitimizes sexual

assault
Both men and women are suseptible
Are related to other social attitudes
gender-role stereotyping,
the perception of sex as adversarial
the acceptance of violence in interpersonal
relationships
 Psychological
Characteristics of Sex
Offenders

No single type of sex offender

Majority of sex offenders are in control of their
behaviour, and know that it is illegal.
Median age of sex offenders was 32 (1999)
Generally have less than a grade 12 education
Often report feeling socially inadequate
 Sex Offenders

Are more likely than other men to:

Condone sexual assault and violence against women
Hold traditional gender-role attitudes
Be sexually experienced
Be hostile toward women
Engage in sexual activity in order to express social dominance
Be sexually aroused by depictions of sexual assault
Be irresponsible and lack a social conscience
Have peer groups, such as fraternities, that pressure them into
sexual activity
Motives for Sexual Assault

Three Basic Motives:

1. Anger
2. Power
3. Sadistic
 Anger Motive

Vicious, unplanned attack

Triggered by anger and resentment toward
women
Usually employ more force than is needed to obtain
compliance
Victim is often forced into performing degrading and
humiliating acts
Fellatio or anal intercourse
Perpetrator reports suffering humiliations at the hands
of women and used assault as revenge.
 Power Motive

Desire to control and dominate women is

primary motive
Sexual gratification is secondary motive
Is an attempt to resolve disturbing doubts
about his masculine identity and worth, or to
combat deep-seated feelings of insecurity and
vulnerability
Only enough force to subdue the woman is
used
 Sadistic Motive
Ritualized and savage attack
Carefully plan their assaults and use a
pretext to approach their targets, such as asking
directions or offering/requesting assistance
Some bind, torture, or murder their victims.
Mutilation of victims is common.
Often preoccupied with violent pornography
Motivated by anger, power, or sadistic urges.
 If you are Sexually
Assaulted
Dont change anything about your body
Dont wash or even comb your hair
Strongly consider reporting the incident to police
You may prevent another woman from being assaulted
Ask a relative or friend to take you to a hospital if you cant get
an ambulance or police car
Seek help in an assertive way
Injuries you are unaware of my be detected. Insist on a written or
photographic record be made documenting the condition
Question health professionals
Ask about your biological risks
Ask what treatments are available
Ask for whatever help will make you comfortable
 Reducing the Risk of Sexual
Assault

Establish a set of signals with other women in the

building or neighbourhood
List yourself in the phone directory and mailbox by first
initials only
Use dead-bolt locks
Lock windows and install iron grids on first-floor
windows
Keep doorways and entries well lit
Keep your keys handy when approaching the car or the
front door
 Reducing the Risk of
Sexual Assault
Do not walk by yourself after dark
Avoid deserted areas
Do not allow strange men into your house or
apartment without first checking their credentials
Keep your car doors locked and windows up
Check out the back seat of your car before entering
Dont live in a risky building
Dont give rides to hitchhikers
Dont converse with strange men on the street
Shout FIRE! not RAPE!
 Adjustment for Survivors
of Sexual Assault
Many survivors are extremely distraught for
days
Often report eating disorders, headaches,
irritability, mood changes, anxiety, depression,
menstrual irregularity.
May become withdrawn, sullen, and mistrustful
Some may experience guilt or shame if they feel
partially to blame for the assault.
 Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
An anxiety disorder brought on by exposure to
a traumatic event
Often includes flashbacks, disturbing dreams,
emotional numbing, nervousness
May persist for years
 Rape Trauma Syndrome

For several weeks after the attack, people

behave in a disorganized manner
May cry uncontrollably, experience feelings of
anger, shame, fear, and nervousness
Most people benefit from counseling
Long-term adjustment involves coming to terms
with feelings and being able to remember the
event without re-experiencing it.
 Sexual Abuse of Children

May range from exhibitionism, kissing, fondling,

sexual touching, oral sex and anal or
vaginal intercourse
Any sexual contact between an adult and child
is considered abusive because the child is below
age of consent
Voluntary sexual activity between children of
similar ages is not sexual abuse
 Patterns of Abuse

4 out of 5 children are abuse by relatives or

family friends or acquaintances
Average age of abuse is between 6-12 years old
for girls, 7-10 years old for boys
Genital fondling is the most common type of
abuse
Abused children rarely report the abuse
Estimated that 90% of cases are not reported.
 Effects of Child Sexual
Abuse
Short and long-term effects include anger,
depression, anxiety, eating disorders,
inappropriate sexual behaviour, self-destructive
behaviour, sexual promiscuity, drug abuse,
suicide attempts, PTSD, low self-esteem, sexual
dysfunction, mistrust of others, feelings of
detachment
 Effects of Child Sexual
Abuse

Abused children commonly act out

Late adolescence and early adulthood
seem to pose especially difficult periods
for survivors
Effects are often long-lasting
 Preventing Child Sexual
Abuse
Prevention programs
Teach children to understand what sexual abuse is
and how they can avoid it
Teach children to recognize good and bad touching
Encourage the child to talk about it
Teach children messages like Its not your fault, etc.
Remind the child they and their families will be safe
Threats are often used to get the child not to tell anyone
about the abuse.
ADULTS ARE LEGALLY OBLIGATED TO REPORT
SUSPECTED ABUSE TO AUTHORITIES
 Sexual Harassment

Any sexually oriented conduct physical,

verbal, or by innuendo that is a
condition of employment, interferes with job
performance, or creates a hostile or offensive
work environment.
Can be committed by men or women
 Sexual Harassment

May have more to do with the abuse of power

than with sexual desire
The harasser is often in a dominant position
and abuses that position by exploiting the
victims vulnerability.
 Resisting Sexual
Harassment
1. Familiarize yourself with your employers policy on
sexual harassment
2. Convey a professional attitude
3. Discourage harassing behaviour, and encourage
appropriate behaviour
4. Avoid being alone with the harasser
5. Maintain a record
6. Talk with the harasser
7. Write a letter to the harasser
8. Seek support
9. File a complaint
10. Seek legal remedies
 Where can you get help?

Planned Parenthood Edmonton

#50 9912-106 St ..(780) 423-3737
Pregnancy tests and pregnancy options (pro-choice)
Referrals to health care services
Doctors, counseling, contraception, fertility, parenting
programs, pregnancy resources for men and women
Phone line to answer any questions about sex you
have!
 Where can you get help?

Sexual Assault Centre of Edmonton

#205 14964-121A Ave
24 hour crisis line: (780) 423-4121
Business line: (780) 423-4102
Free public education
24 hour crisis line
Crisis intervention
Short-term counseling
Numerous support groups for adults, youth, and
children
 Where can you get help?

Child Abuse Hot Line 1-800-387-5437

To report suspected cases of child abuse

Can also call the police or child welfare to report

suspected cases of child abuse (physical, emotional
or sexual)
 Where can you get help?

If you dont know or cant remember where to

go
Call Capital Health Link (780) 408-LINK(5465)
For sexual assaults or suspected child abuse call
the police: (780) 423-2567
In here? Talk to your caseworker, psychology, or
a guard. Information is always available, just
ask!
The
End