D.

SHIVA KUMAR (14311A0296)

A.VIVEK (14311A0271)
CH.SUDHAKAR (15315A0222)
A.DANUNJAYA (15315A0223)
Power systems are comprised of 3 basic electrical
subsystems.

Generation subsystem
Transmission subsystem
Distribution subsystem
Following are the main types of distribution system

Radial type system

Ring main system
Interconnected system
Power:
Power in an electric circuit is the rate of flow of energy
passed at a given point
Of circuit
(Or)

Power is defined as the rate of energy expenditure it

denoted by P, P=VI watts
 In A.C system power can be classified into three kinds

Apparent power (s)

Real power OR active power (P)
Reactive power(Q)
 APPARENT POWER(S)
The combination of reactive power and true
power is called apparent power, and it ithe product of
a circuit's voltage and current, without reference to
phase angle. Apparent power is measured in the unit
of Volt-Amps (VA) and is symbolized by the capital
letter
S=VI volt-amps
REAL POWER (P)
Apparent power is the power supplied to the
circuit. Apparent Power is measured in volt-
amperes(VA). Apparent power is the vector sum of
active and reactive power.
P=VI cos watts
REACTIVE POWER(Q)

In electric power transmission and distribution, volt-

ampere reactive (var) is a unit by which reactive power is
expressed in an AC electric power system.
Reactive power exists in an AC circuit when the current and
voltage are not in phase.

S=VI sin VAR

 Power Triangle is the representation of a right angle
triangle showing the relation between active power,
reactive power and apparent power.
 Power factor defines the phase angle between the
current and voltage waveforms, were I and V are the
magnitudes of rms values of the current and voltage.
 Power factor is a measure of how effectively
you are using electricity. Various types of power are at
work to provide us with electrical energy. Here is what
each one is doing. Working Power the true or
real power used in all electrical appliances to
perform the work of heating, lighting, motion, etc. We
express this as kW or kilowatts. Common types of
resistive loads are electric heating and lighting. An
inductive load, like a motor, compressor or ballast, also
requires Reactive Power to generate and sustain a
magnetic field in order to operate. We call this non-
working power kVARs, or kilovolt-amperes-reactive.
 The main cause of low Power factor is Inductive Load. As in
pure inductive circuit, Current lags 90 from Voltage, this
large difference of phase angle between current and
voltage causes zero power factor.
Following are the causes of low Power factor:
Single phase and three phase induction Motors(Usually,
Induction motor works
At poor power factor i.e. at:
Full load, Pf = 0.8 -0.9
Small load, Pf = 0.2 -0.3
No Load, Pf may come to Zero (0).
Improving power factor means reducing the phase
difference between voltage and current .it can be done by
following methods:

By using Capacitor banks

By using Synchronous Condenser
By using Phase Advancer
Reduced demand charges
Increased load carrying capabilities in your existing
circuits
Improved voltage
Reduce power system losses
 An electrical system when it supplies energy to a distribution
system consisting of transformers, motors, fluorescent chokes and
other appliances require a magnetic field for its operation.
The energy which is used to establish the magnetic field is called as
reactive power.
The consumer cannot extract this reactive power as energy. It
leads to increase in the current that flows in the system and hence
contributes to the system losses. This supply of additional unwanted
reactive power to the loads leads to system instability
 Synchronous generators can generate or absorb reactive
power depending on the excitation. When overexcited they supply
reactive power, and when under excited they absorb reactive power.
The capability to continuously supply or absorb reactive
power is limited by the field current, armature current, and end
region heating limits synchronous generators are normally
equipped with automatic voltage regulators which continue adjust the
excitation so as to control the armature voltage.
Loads normally absorb reactive power. Both active power and
reactive power of the loads vary as a function of voltage magnitudes.
Loads at low- Lagging power factors cause excessive voltage
drops in the transmission network and are uneconomical to supply
 The following devices and equipment are used for Power
Factor Improvement.

Static Capacitor
Synchronous Condenser
Phase Advancer
 We know that most of the industries and power system loads
are inductive that take lagging current which decrease the system
power factor (See Disadvantages of Low Power factor) . For Power
factor improvement purpose, Static capacitors are connected in
parallel with those devices which work on low power factor.

These static capacitors provide leading current which neutralize

(totally or approximately) the lagging inductive component of load
current (i.e. leading component neutralize or eliminate the lagging
component of load current) thus power factor of the load circuit is
improved.
 When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and
overexited then its called a synchronous Condenser.
Whenever a Synchronous motor is over-exited then it provides
leading current and works like a capacitor.
When a synchronous condenser is connected across
supply voltage (in parallel) then it draws leading current and
partially eliminates the re-active component and this way,
power factor is improved. Generally, synchronous condenser
is used to improve the power factor in large industries.
Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected
on the main shaft of the motor and operates with the motors
rotor circuit for power factor improvement. Phase advancer
is used to improve the power factor of induction motor in
industries.
As the stator windings of induction motor takes lagging
current 90 out of phase with Voltage, therefore the power
factor of induction motor is low. If the exciting ampere-
turns are excited by external AC source, then there would be
no effect of exciting current on stator windings. Therefore
the power factor of induction motor will be improved. This
process is done by Phase advancer
 We have visited 33/11 kv kushaiguda sub station
and observed the load in the substation with and without
capacitor banks and came to know the effect of capacitor
banks in a substation .the following are the value that we
have recorded

INCOMING HV LOAD WITHOUT LOAD WITH

SUPPLY CAPACITOR BANKS CAPACITOR
(A) BANK 2MVAR (A)

AT 1:00 P.M. 253 163

AT 2:00 P.M. 251 170

AT 3:00 P.M. 248 173

AT 4:00 P.M. 245 175

 From the project on which we had worked on we would
like to conclude the reactive power is very essential in electrical
system. So reactive power management is very important to be
checked and maintained at a require level.
As we got know that reactive power is essential component of
electrical system as well as it mainly provided the utilization of
any device we should maintain it at aa specific range.so reactive
power cannot be reduced or increased .so for that compensation
is needed
We already saw the reactive power compensation techniques and
their working svc is the latest technique which has been
emerging now a days.future research is going on for
compensation techniques.