Inheritance

Silicon Institute of Technology

Inheritance
by
Shivani Nanda,
Silicon Institute of Technology,
Patia Hills, Bhubaneswar-751024

Shivani Nanda 1
 Inheritance
Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

Inheritance is the process of creating new classes

from existing classes
class derivedclass_name : access baseclass_name
{ //body };

Access specifier must be either

public, private or protected
Default access-specifier of class : private

Inheritance: Single Inheritance

<public, private, protected>

Shivani Nanda 2
 Inheritance
Access Specifier
Silicon Institute of Technology

Public Protected Private

inheritance inheritance inheritance
Public Public in Protected in Private in
member derived derived derived

Protected Protected in Protected in Private in

member derived derived derived

Private Hidden in Hidden in Hidden in

member derived derived derived

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 Inheritance
public inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class A{
private : int x;
public : int y;
protected: int z;
};
class B: public A
{ //body
// here x is inaccessible, y is public, z is protected
};

Shivani Nanda 4
 Inheritance
Single Inheritance : Public Mode
Silicon Institute of Technology

class Base { cout<<d;

{ private: int i, j; k = 55;
protected : int k; cout<<i<<j<<k<<l
public: int l; } };
void set(int a, int b,int c,int d) int main()
{ i = a; j = b; k = c; l=d; } { Derived ob(5);
void showbase() ob.set(1,2,3,4);
{ cout<<i<<j<<k<<l; }}; ob.showbase();
class Derived : public Base ob.i = 22;
{ private: int d; ob.k = 33;
public: Derived(int x) ob.l = 44;
{ d = x; } ob.showderived();
void showderived() return 0;
}
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 Inheritance
private inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class A{
private : int x;
public : int y;
protected: int z;
};
class B: private A
{ //body
// here y and z are private
};

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 Inheritance
Single Inheritance : Private Mode
Silicon Institute of Technology

class Base set(1,2,3,4);

{ private: int i, j; show();
protected : int k; k = 44; l = 55;
public: int l; cout<<l<<k; } };
void set(int a, int b,int c,int d) int main()
{ i = a; j = b; k = c; l=d; } {
void show() Derived ob(5);
{ cout<<i<<j<<k<<l; }}; ob.set(1,2,3,4);
class Derived : private Base ob.show();
{ private: int d; ob.showk();
public: Derived(int x) ob.l = 100;
{ d = x; } ob.k = 200;
void showk() return 0;
{ cout<<d; }
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 Inheritance
Granting Access
Silicon Institute of Technology

To restore the inherited members to their original

access specification:
class Base{
public: int j;
//.
};
class derived: private Base{
public: //other declaration
Base:: j; //Restoring original access specification

private: //.
protected: //
};

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class Base int a; };

{ private: int i; // private to base int main()
public: {
int j, k; Derived ob;
void seti(int x) ob.i = 10;
{ i = x; } ob.j = 20;
int geti() ob.k = 30;
{ return i; } }; ob.a = 40;
class Derived : private Base { ob.seti(10);
public: cout<<ob.geti()<<"
Base :: j; <<ob.j<<" "<<ob.a;
Base :: seti; return 0;
Base :: j; }

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 Inheritance
protected inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class A{
private : int x;
public : int y;
protected: int z;
};
class B: protetced A{
//body
// here x is inaccessible,
y and z are protected
};

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 Inheritance
Single Inheritance : Protected Mode
Silicon Institute of Technology

class Base showij(); } };

{ private: int a; int main()
protected: int i,j; { Base ob1;
public: void setij(int a,int b) ob1.i=3;
{ i = a; j = b; } cout<<ob1.i;
void showij() ob1.setij(1,2);
{ cout<<i<< <<j; }}; ob1.showij();
class Derived : protected Base { Derived ob2;
private: int k; ob2.setij(1,2);
public: void setk( ) ob2.showij();
{ setij(10,20); ob2.setk();
k = i * j; } ob2.showall();
void showall() return 0;
{ cout<<k<<" "; }
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 Inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

When a derived class inherits from more than

one base class simultaneously, it is referred to
as multiple inheritance

In multiple inheritance, the derived class

inherits the members of all its base classes and
can directly access the public and protected
members of its base class<if inherited in
public mode>

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 Inheritance
class person
Silicon Institute of Technology

{ int ssn, age;

char name[20],address[30];
public: void getval(int sn, int ag, char st[],char add[])
{ ssn = sn;
age = ag;
strcpy(name,st);
strcpy(address,add);}
void show_person();};
void person::show_person()
{ cout<<" Serial Number : "<<ssn<<endl;
cout<<" Name : "<<name<<endl;
cout<<" Age : "<<age<<endl;
cout<<" Address : "<<address<<endl; }
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 Inheritance
class company
Silicon Institute of Technology

{ char cname[20], caddress[30];

public: void setval(char cn[],char cadd[])
{ strcpy(cname,cn);
strcpy(caddress,cadd);}
void show_company(); };
void company::show_company()
{ cout<<" Company Name : "<<cname<<endl;
cout<<" Company Address : "<<caddress<<endl; }
class owner : public person, public company
{ int licenceno;
public: void getlicenceno(int lno)
{ licenceno = lno; }

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

void show_licenceno()
{cout<<" Licence Number: "<<licenceno<<endl; } };
int main()
{ owner o1;
o1.getval(111,33,"Suzanne wesley","R.K.Puram");
o1.setval("MS Vision","Connaught Place");
o1.getlicenceno(667677);
o1.show_person();
o1.show_company();
o1.show_licenceno();
return 0;Nanda
Shivani } 15
 Inheritance
Ambiguity in Multiple Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

In multiple inheritance, an ambiguity may

arise when two or more base classes have a
member with same name.

In order to resolve ambiguities, the name of

the member is qualified with the name of the
base class by using the scope resolution
operator( :: )

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 Inheritance
Ambiguity in Multiple Inheritance : Example
Silicon Institute of Technology

class bank{
protected: int code;char bname[15],baddress[25];
public: void getdetail(int c,char bn[],char badd[])
{ code = c;
strcpy(bname,bn);
strcpy(baddress,badd);} };
class person{ protected:int code, age;
char name[20],address[30];
public: void getval(int sn, int ag, char st[],char add[])
{ code = sn;
age = ag;
strcpy(name,st);
strcpy(address,add);} };
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 Inheritance
class owner : public bank, public person
Silicon Institute of Technology

{int regno;
public: void getregno(int regnum)
{regno = regnum;}
void show_regno(); };
void owner::show_regno()
{ cout<<" Serial Number : "<<person::code<<endl;
cout<<" Age : "<<age<<endl;
cout<<" Name : "<<name<<endl;
cout<<" Bank Code : "<<bank::code<<endl;
cout<<" Bank Name : "<<bname<<endl;
cout<<" Bank Address : "<<baddress<<endl;
cout<<" Registeration Number : "<<regno<<endl; }

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

int main()
{
owner o1;
o1.getdetail(1345,"Bank of Baroda","Anand Vihar");
o1.getval(112,27,"Himanshu Ahuja","Anand Vihar");
o1.getregno(334224);
cout<<endl<<endl;
o1.show_regno();
cout<<endl<<endl;
return 0;
}

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 Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

When one class is inherited from another class,

which in turn is inherited from some other
class, it is referred to as multilevel inheritance
Multilevel comprises two or more levels
person indirect base class

employee direct base class

faculty

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 Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance : Transitive Nature
Silicon Institute of Technology

The derived class is inherited from the direct

base class which in turn is derived from
another base class
Hence, the derived class has all the members
of its direct base class as well as its indirect
base class
This is known as transitive nature of
multilevel inheritance

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 Inheritance
Multilevel Inheritance : Example
Silicon Institute of Technology

class person{ protected: int ssn, age;

char name[20],address[30];
public: void getval(int sn, int ag, char st[],char add[])
{ ssn = sn;
age = ag;
strcpy(name,st);
strcpy(address,add);}
void show_person(); };
void person::show_person()
{ cout<<" Serial Number : "<<ssn<<endl;
cout<<" Name : "<<name<<endl;
cout<<" Age : "<<age<<endl;
cout<<" Address : "<<address<<endl; }

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class employee : public person

{ protected : int salary;
public: void getsal(int sal)
{salary = sal;} };
class faculty : public employee
{protected : char subject[20];
public: void getfaculty(char sub[])
{strcpy(subject,sub);}
void showfaculty(void); };
void faculty::showfaculty()
{ show_person();
cout<<" Salary : "<<salary<<endl;
cout<<" Subject Teaching : "<<subject<<endl; }

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

int main()
{
faculty f1;
f1.getval(112,27,"Shantilal Garodia","Nehru Place");
f1.getsal(30000);
f1.getfaculty("Pschology");
cout<<endl<<endl;
f1.showfaculty();
cout<<endl<<endl;
return 0;
}

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 Inheritance
Hierarchical Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

In this type of inheritance more than one base

class is derived from a single base class
In hierarchical inheritance, a base class provides
members that are common to all of its derived
classes
student

graduate undergraduate

gradstu gradfac ugradstu ugradfac

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 Inheritance
Hierarchical Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

In hierarchical inheritance, each of the derived

class inherits all the members of its base class

In addition, all the derived classes can directly

access the public members of the base class

However, one derived class cannot access the

members of another derived class

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 Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

Hybrid inheritance is said to be implemented

when different forms of inheritance are
combined to realize the relationships between
multiple classes

In other words when a class is derived

involving two or more forms of inheritance

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 Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance : Example
Silicon Institute of Technology

class student{ void get_marks(float a,

protected: int roll_no; float b,float c)
public: { sub1=a;
void get_roll(int a) sub2=b;
{ roll_no=a; } sub3=c; }
void put_roll(void) void put_marks(void)
{cout<<"Roll_no: {
<<roll_no } }; cout<<"Sub1="<<sub1;
class test : public student{ cout<<"Sub2="<<sub2;
protected: float sub1; cout<<"Sub3="<<sub3;
float sub2, sub3; }};
public:

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class sports put_roll();

{ protected: float score; put_marks();
public: put_score();
void get_score(float s) cout<<"Total="<<total;}};
{ score=s; } int main()
void put_score(void) { result s1;
{ cout<<"Score"<<score;}} s1.get_roll(501);
class result:public test,public sports s1.get_marks(60,75.7,89.34);
{ float total; public: s1.get_score(8.56);
void display(void) s1.display();
{ return 0;
total=sub1+sub2+sub3+score; }

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 Inheritance
Multipath Inheritance : A form of Hybrid Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

When a class is derived from two or more

classes that in turn are derived from the same
base class

In this form of hybrid inheritance the derived

class can attempt to directly access members
of its indirect base class

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 Inheritance
Multipath Inheritance : Example
Silicon Institute of Technology

class A class D : public B,public C

{ protected: { protected:
int data; }; int data3;
class B : public A public: int getdata()
{ protected: { return data; }};
int data1; }; int main()
class C : public A { D obj1;
{ protected: cout<<"Data
<<obj1.getdata( ); }
int data2; };

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 Inheritance
Multipath Inheritance : Ambiguity
Silicon Institute of Technology

In multipath inheritance the members of the indirect

base class are duplicated in the derived class through
the immediate base classes which lie in the
intermediate stage
person Indirect base class

employee student

apprentice Derived class

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 Inheritance
Ambiguity resolution in multipath inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

One way to resolve the ambiguity by qualifying the

member with the name of either of the direct base
classes
The scope resolution operator is used to qualify the
member with the class name
class D : public B,public C
{ protected:
int data3;
public: int getdata()
{ return B::data; } };
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 Inheritance
Virtual Base Classes
Silicon Institute of Technology

The scope resolution operator when used in

multipath inheritance enables reference to specific
class to access the members, however, it doe not
prevent the duplication of the indirect base class
members

The duplication of inherited members due to multiple

paths can be avoided by making the common base
class as virtual base class while declaring the
intermediate base class

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 Inheritance
Virtual Base Classes
Silicon Institute of Technology

Virtual base class is an indirect base class declared

using access specifier virtual in order to prevent its
duplication

Specifying a base class as virtual ascertains that only

one copy of the base class members exists for its
derived classes

So a virtual base class can be derived several times

without its duplication

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class person{ protected: int ssn, age;

char name[20],address[30];
public: void getper(int sn, int ag, char st[],char add[])
{ ssn = sn;
age = ag;
strcpy(name,st);
strcpy(address,add);}
void show_person(); };
void person::show_person()
{ cout<<" Serial Number : "<<ssn<<endl;
cout<<" Name : "<<name<<endl;
cout<<" Age : "<<age<<endl;
cout<<" Address : "<<address<<endl; }
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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class employee : public virtual person

{ protected : int salary;
public: void getsal(int sal)
{salary = sal;}
void showsal(){ cout<<Salary : <<salary;} };

class student : public virtual person

{protected : char majordept[20];
public: void getmaj(char maj[])
{strcpy(majordept,maj);}
void showmaj() { cout<<Major : <<majordept;} };

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class employee : public employee, public student

{ protected : int duration;
public: void getdur(int d) {duration = d;}
void showdur(){ cout<<Duration :
<<duration<<years;} };
int main()
{ apprentice a1;
a1.getper(112,27,"Shantilal Garodia","Nehru Place,M);
a1.getsal(30000); a1.getmaj("Pschology");
a1.getdur(4); a1.showper();
a1.showper(); a1.showsal(); a1.showmaj(); a1.showdur();
return 0;
}
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 Inheritance
Constructors and Destructors in Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

A constructor is required in inheritance to initialize

the members of the base class through the derived
class

A derived class constructor initializes its new

members but to initialize the base class part it
requires the base class constructors

But we know that constructors and destructors are

not inherited to the derived class

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 Inheritance
Order of Calling of Constructor and Destructor
Silicon Institute of Technology

class wood{ protected: char type[10];

public: wood( ) { strcpy(type,Teak);
cout<<BaseClass constructor ;}
~wood( ) {cout<<BaseClass destructor ;}};
class table:public wood
{ char dimension[10];
public: table( ) { strcpy(diemension,2*4);
cout<<DerivedClass constructor ;}
~table( ) {cout<<DerivedClass destructor ;}};
int main( ){
table t1; }

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 Inheritance
Constructors and Destructors in Multiple Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class bank{ public:

bank( ) { cout<<Base Class constructor bank called ;}
~bank( ) {cout<<Base Class destructor bank called;}};
class person{public:
person( ) {cout<<Base Class constructor person called ;}
~person( ) {cout<<Base Class destructor person called;}};
class owner:public bank,public person{
owner( ) {cout<<Derived Class constructor owner called ;}
~owner( ) {cout<<Derived Class destructor owner called;}};
int main( ){
owner o1; }

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 Inheritance
Constructors and Destructors of Virtual Base Classes
Silicon Institute of Technology

If a derived class inherits both a virtual base

class and a non-virtual base class, then the
constructor of the virtual base class is called
before the constructor of the non-virtual base
class
The destructors are called in the reverse order
of calling of the constructors i.e. the destructor
of the non-virtual base class is called before
the destructor of the virtual base class

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 Inheritance
Parameterized Constructor of the Base class
Silicon Institute of Technology

Syntax to define a derived class constructor that

explicitly calls one or more base class constructor is
derived_class :: derived_class(parameter_list):
base_class1(parameter_list),,base_classk (parameter_list)

Parameterized constructor of the base class is

explicitly called in the header of the derived class
constructor
The arguments of the parameterized constructor can
be provided through the arguments of the derived
class constructor

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class aaa{ int i;

aaa(int x ) { i = x;
cout<<Value of i in the base class aaa <<i<<endl;}
~aaa( ) {cout<<Destructor aaa called;}};

class bbb{ int j;

bbb(int y ) { j = y;
cout<<Value of j in the base class bbb <<j<<endl;}
~bbb( ) {cout<<Destructor bbb called;}};

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 Inheritance
Silicon Institute of Technology

class ccc : public aaa, public bbb

{ int k;
ccc(int z,int m,int n):aaa(z),bbb(m)
{ k = n;
cout<<Value of k in the derived class ccc <<k<<endl; }
~ccc( )
{ cout<<Destructor ccc called;} };
int main( )
{ ccc c1(1,2,3);
return 0; }

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