SETTLEMENT

REPORT
ONE OF THE

SEVEN
WONDERS
OF THE
WORLD
SETTLEMENT
Deformation that occur to the
vertical component of soil
What Causes Foundation Settlement?
Weak Bearing Soils
1
What Causes Foundation Settlement?
Poor Compaction
2
What Causes Foundation Settlement?
Change in Moisture Content
3
What Causes Foundation Settlement?
Maturing Trees and Vegetation
4
What Causes Foundation Settlement?
Disaster like Earthquake
5
What Causes Foundation Settlement?
Soil Consolidation
6
CATEGORIES OF SETTLEMENT

IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION
SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION
IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT

Elastic deformation
Due to high permeability (sandy soil)
Occur in very short time
PRIMARY
CONSOLIDATION
Inelastic deformation SILT CLAY
Due to low permeability SAND
(Clayey soil)
Time-dipendent

SECONDARY
CONSOLIDATION
Occur after Primary Consolidation
Plastic adjusment of soil fabric
Occur for a long time
Difficult to evaluated
 FORMULA
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
TIMOSHENKOs METHOD

Se
B.q0
Es

1 s r
2

For square, r = 0,88

CALCULATION (EXAMPLE: BLUE BANTER)
PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION

mv = Coeff. Of Volume Compressibility

CALCULATION
(SAMPLE
7 ton/m2: SWISSBELL PROJECT )

D=2m

B= L = 4 m
 Calculation of increases in
vertical effective stress below a surface surcharge

2:1 METHOD

qo B L

B z L z
 mv
Soil Profile Condition Depth zi (m) hi (m) Sp (mm)
(m2/ton) (t/m2)
0
LIMESTONE 0,5 6,64
0,5
CLAY soft-medium stiff 1,5 4,50 0,0010 3,51 15,81
5

qo B L

B z L z
qo B L 7 4 4
3,51t / m 2
B z L z 4 1,54 1,5
 mv
Soil Profile Condition Depth zi (m) hi (m) Sp (mm)
(m2/ton) (t/m2)
0
LIMESTONE 0,5 6,64
0,5
CLAY soft-medium stiff 1,5 0,0010 3,51 4,50 15,81
5
clayly SILT hard 7,75 0,0005 0,77 5,5 2,12
10,5
clayly SILT hard 20,5 0,0005 0,18 20 1,77
30,5
Total Settlement 20
 FORMULA
SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION

After the primary consolidation is completely over.

Excess pore water pressure is zero.
The reasons for secondary settlement are not clear.
Common in very sensitive clay, organic soils
RELATION BETWEEN TYPE OF SOIL AND CATEGORY
OF SETTLEMET

Dr. S. K. Prasad
Professor of Civil Engineering
S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore
TOTAL SETTLEMENT
Deformation of soil and rock grains ELASTIC
(IMMEDIATE)
SETTLEMENT (Se)
Drainage of Water and Air from void PRIMARY
CONSOLIDATION (Sp)
Creep Movements SECONDARY
CONSOLIDATION (Ss)
Se + Sp + Ss = TOTAL SETTLEMENT
RECAPITULATION

Settlement (mm)
No Proyek
Pondasi Dangkal

1 Apartment Manado 6
2 Blue Banter 22
3 Swissbell 24
4 Siloam Ambon 10
5 Lubuk Linggau 15
LIMITATION

Permissible Total Settlement in Soils (NBCI, 2005)

FORMULA
DEEP FOUNDATION
VESICs METHOD
Settlement is computed by the equation

S = Sf + Ss + Sp
where
S = total settlement
Sf = elastic settlement
Ss = shaft settlement
Sp = toe settlement
CALCULATION
(SAMPLE: SWISSBELL PROJECT )
DATA :
1. BEBAN & KAPASITAS
Q = Qf = 94 ton Applied load
Qs = 42 ton Shaft Capacity
Qp = 52 ton OK! toe resistance Q -Qs. Note:If Qs > Qp, then Qp = 0
qpu = 583 ton/m2 unit bearing capacity

2. PROFIL PONDASI
Ap = 0,16 m2 area
D= 0,4 m diameter
Lp = 14 m Pile Lenght
Bg = 3 m pile group lenght
Ep = 2E+06 ton/m2 Young Modulus
3. KOEFISIEN
load distribution factor: 0,5 for clays and silt soil; 0,67
= 0,67 for sandy soil
Cs = 0,03 Soil Type Cs
silty SAND-SAND (dense-very Sand (dense - loose) 0,02 - 0,04
dense) Clay (Stiff - Soft) 0,02 - 0,03
Silt (dense - loose) 0,03 - 0,05
Cw = 0,056

= 0,93 + 0,16 x
PERHITUNGAN :

1. ELASTIC SETTLEMENT

Sf = 5 mm =

2. TOE SETTLEMENT
Sp = 13 mm =

3.SHAFT SETTLEMENT
Ss = 0,3 mm =

TOTAL SETTLEMENT
S= 18 mm = + +

GROUP SETTLEMENT
=
Sg = 49 mm
RECAPITULATION
Settlement (mm)
No Proyek
Single Pile Group Pile

1 Apartment Manado 19 52

2 Blue Banter Mando 18 49

3 Swissbell 22 70

4 Siloam Ambon 12 38

5 Lubuk Linggau 11 34
LIMITATION
S allowable for single pile
S = 10 % . D
all
The settlement of axially loaded piles
and pile groups at the allowable loads
shall be estimated. Elastic analysis, load
transfer and/or finite element
d = Diameter
techniques may be used. The settlement
of the pile or pile group shall not exceed
the tolerable movement limits as
recommended for shallow foundations

For 40 cm:
Apartment and Blue Banter Manado Project. . . 40 mm

For 60 cm:
Swissbell, Siloam Ambon, and Lubuk Linggau . . . 60 mm
Permissible Total Settlement in Soils (NBCI, 2005)
 Consolidation settlement and creep settlement are more
pronounced in clay.
Immediate or elastic settlement can observed in each and
every soil, but the most significant is occur due to sandy soil.
Magnitude of Settlement depent on some variables, but most
of them are type of soil, applied load, the arrangement of soil
layers, and layer thickness .