International Mobile

Telecommunication-2000 (IMT-2000)

An Introduction
In this presentation
Wireless Generations
What is IMT-2000
What IMT-2000 offers
Key features and objectives
Spectrum for IMT-2000
Technologies for IMT-2000
Migration paths
Future Trends
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION

1946- 1960s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Appeared 1G 2G 3G

Analog Digital Digital

Multi Multi Unified

Standard Standard Standard

Terrestrial Terrestrial Terr. & Sat

 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
WIRELESS GENERATIONS
1 G -analog (cellular revolution)
- only mobile voice services
2 G - digital (breaking digital barrier)
- mostly for voice services & data delivery
possible

3 G - Voice & data ( breaking data barrier)

- Mainly for data services where voice sevices
will also be possible
Beyond 3G -Wide band OFDM ?
- But surely higher data rates
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
LIMITATIONS OF 2nd GENERATION SYSTEMS

No Global standards
No common frequency band
Low information bit rates

Low voice quality

No support of Video
Various categories of systems to meet specific
requirements
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
THIRD GENERATION (3 G ) STANDARD

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)

IMT

A FUTURE STANDARD IN WHICH A SINGLE

INEXPENSIVE MOBILE TERMINAL CAN TRUELY
PROVIDE COMMUNICATIONS ANY TIME AND ANY
WHERE
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION

INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)

PROVISIONING OF THESE SERVICES OVER WIDE
RANGE OF USER DENSITIES AND COVERAGE AREAS.
(In-building , Urban , Sub-urban, Global)
EFFICIENT USE OF RADIO SPECTRUM CONSISTENT
WITH PROVIDING SERVICE AT ACCEPTABLE COSY.
IMT-2000 SHALL COVER APPLICATION AREAS
PRESENTLY PROVIDED BY SEPERATELY SYSTEMS I.E
CELLULAR, CORDLESS AND PAGING etc
A HIGH DEGREE OF COMMONALITY OF DESIGN
WORLDWIDE
A MODULAR STRUCTURE WHICH WILL ALLOW THE
SYSTEM TO GROW IN SIZE AND COMPLEXITY

.
 IMT-2000
The ITU vision of global wireless access
in the 21st century
IMT-2000 Vision
Global
Satellite

Suburban Urban
In-Building

Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell

Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
 IMT-2000 KEY FEATURES
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE TELECOM 2000. ( IMT-2000)
ITUs VISION FOR THIRD GENERATION MOBILE
SYSTEM
SINGLE UNIFIED STANDARD (Data & Multimedia Services)
ANYWHERE, ANYTIME COMMUNICATION
ACROSS NETWORKS, ACROSS TECHNOLOGIES,
SEAMLESS OPERATION USING A SMALL POCKET
TERMINAL WORLDWIDE.
HIGH SPEED ACCESS 144KB/S, 384 KB/S & 2MB/S FAST
WIRELESS ACCESS TO INTERNET
FULL MOTION VIDEOPHONE
TERRESTRIAL & SATELLITE COMPONETS
IMT-2000 will provide..
Enhanced voice quality, ubiquitous
coverage and enable operators to provide
service at reasonable cost
Increased network efficiency and capacity
New voice and data services and
capabilities
An orderly evolution path from 2G to 3G
systems to protect investments.
 IMT-2000 SPECTRUM

WARC -92 IDENTIFIED 230 MHz GLOBAL SPECTRUM

1885 - 2025 MHz & 2110 - 2200 MHz for FPLMTS
SATELLITE COMPONENTS OF IMT -2000 IDENTIFIED AS:
1980-2010 MHz & 2170- 2200 MHz

WARC -92 RESOLVED THAT ADMINISTRATIONS

IMPLEMENTING IMT-2000 SHOULD MAKE SPECTRUM
AVAILABLE IN THIS IDENTIFIED BAND.
WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF MULTIMEDIA SERVICES
INCREASED SPECTRUM REQUIREMENT IS TO BE
TAKEN UP WITH WRC-2000
 IMT TECHNOLOGIES
ITU has finally narrowed down technology options
to the following five:
IMT -DS (Direct Spread) : W-CDMA UTRA FDD
IMT -MC (Multi Carrier) : CDMA 2000
IMT-TC ( Time Code) : TD -SCDMA UTRA TDD
IMT -SC ( Single Carrier ) : UWC - 136
IMT-FT (Frequency Time) : DECT

PAIRED DS/ MC/SC ; UNPAIRED TDD

FURTHER HARMONIZATION In Process

UTRA : UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access
UMTS :Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
Technologies for IMT-2000
IMT-2000 TERRESTRIAL
RADIO INTERFACES

IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

WCDMA CDMA2000 CDMA-TDD UWC-136 FDMA/TDMA

1X/3X DECT

CDMA TDMA FDMA

 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
IMT-2000 HARMONIZATION IS ON-GOING
IMT standards development involves extensive
collaboration between many different organizations
Todays operators need seamless 2G 3G
Many Focus groups have been established by industry

2 G operators GSM ; CDG ,UWCC, DECT forum

3 G Groups UMTS Forum , OHG
Focus group for IP-based 3G architecture (3G. IP)
SDOs created 3G PP (Partnership Projects)
SDO Standards Development Organizations
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
IMT-2000 HARMONIZATION IS ON-GOING

MILESTONES
IMT -2000 Spectrum WRC 1992
Radio Technology(RT) Proposals June 1998
RT Progressive Consolidation March 1999
Radio Interface Specifications (RSPC) Nov 1999
Additional IMT-2000 Spectrum WRC 2000

Further RSPC Releases 2000+

Ongoing ITU Studies (IMT-2000 Enhancements) 2000+
Ongoing ITU Studies ( Systems Beyond IMT-2000) 2000+
 Migration Path
While a multiplicity of 2G standards have been
developed and deployed, the ITU wanted to avoid a
similar situation to develop for 3G.
Hence, the ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R)
has elaborated on a framework for a global set of 3G
standards, which will facilitate global roaming by
operating in a common core spectrum and providing
migration path from all the major existing 2G
technologies.
The major 2G Radio access networks are based on either
CDMA One or GSM technologies and different
migration path is proposed for each of these
technologies.
 IMT-2000
CPABLE SYSTEMS

GSM GPRS EDGE

PDC

WCDMA
CdmaOne Cdma 2000

TDMA TDMA/ TDMA/

IS-136 GPRS EDGE

TODAY 2G 2000 EVOLVED 2G 3G

19.2 Kbps 64-115 Kbps 115-384 Kbps 0.384-2 Mbps
 GPRS
General Radio Packet Service
How GPRS works (1/2)
To lessen the impact of the delay in implementing 3rd
generation wireless systems, General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) is being introduced as an intermediate
step to efficiently transport high-speed data over the
current Global Systems for Mobile Communications
(GSM).

GPRS signalling and data traffic do not travel through

the GSM network. The GSM network is only used to
obtain GPRS user profile data from the Location
Register data bases,
GPRS uses 1 to 8 radio channel time slots which can be
shared by multiple users.
 How GPRS works (2/2)
It packetizes the user data and transports it over Public Land
Mobile Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone. From there, it
interfaces to other Public Data Networks (PDNs), including the
Internet.
GPRS has the ability to offer speeds of 14,400 bps to 115,000 bps,
which allow for comfortable Internet access using wireless devices.
Because GPRS can support upto 115kb/s, it allows for short
"bursty" traffic, such as e-mail and web browsing, as well as large
volumes of data.
In addition, as GPRS supports Quality of Service, service providers
can offer selective services to users.
GPRS has fast connection setup, the user has the perception of
being "always on" for continuous operation.
GPRS Network

Internet

GSM Network
With GPRS
Capability
MS X.25 Network
 GPRS Architecture
GGSN
Intranet
PSTN MSC
GPRS
BSC PCU SGSN Back bone

MS
GGSN
Internet
 GPRS OVERLAY NETWORK
1. Two new nodes namely :

SGSN - Serving GPRS support node ( GPRS equivalent of MSC)

GGSN - Gateway GPRS support node

( provides interworking with external packet-switched
networks)
SGSN and GGSN are interconnected via an IP-based GPRS
backbone network.

2. NEW GPRS TERMINAL

(EXISTING GSM terminal will not SUPPORT GPRS)
 GPRS UPGRADE

3. Existing GSM based BTS, BSC and databases such as VLR,

HLR to be software upgraded.

4. Existing BSC will require a new external hardware

unit called packet control unit (PDU)
It directs data traffic to the GPRS network.

5. GPRS TUNNELING PROTOCOL (GTP) is used in the GPRS

backbone (connecting SGSNs to GGSNs) to ensure
security, simplify routing mechanism and delivery of data over the
GPRS n/w.

6. Four coding schemes for modulation - CS1 (9.05 KBPS),CS2 (13.4

KBPS) CS3 (15.6 KBPS) and CS4 (21.4 kbps) are defined.
 GPRS Network Enhancements
In addition to the new GPRS components,
existing GSM network elements must also be
enhanced in order to support GPRS.
The following two pieces of equipment must be
enhanced:
Base Station System (BSS): must be enhanced to
recognize and send user data to the SGSN that is
serving the area.
Home Location Register (HLR): must be enhanced to
register GPRS user profiles and respond to queries
originating from SGSNs regarding these profiles.
 GPRS Terminals

Class A - Simultaneous circuit switched and packet switched

services.

Class B - Support - packet switched and circuit switched

services,
but not simultaneously i.e. only one at a time.

Class C - Acts as either packet-switched or circuit switched

terminal.
Key drivers for operators
Increased revenues by moving in to the mobile
data market
Gain new subscribers requiring the data services
without investing in to PCs to gain internet access
Retain current subscribers by offering new
services
Reduce costs due to efficient use of network
resources
Easier migration to 3G
 TYPICAL GPRS SERVICES
* Communications- E-mail, fax,
intranet/ internet access.
* Value added services - Information services, games,
e-commerce.
* Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic conditions,
airline/rail schedule, location finder.
* Vertical applications - Freight delivery, fleet management,
sales-force automation
* Location sensitive A user nearing a cinema hall or
Advertising - a restaurant receives flashes of
advertisement
Evolution from GSM to 3G

3G

EDGE
GPRS
2.5G

HSCSD

GSM
2G
 GSM Evolution
2G 2.5G 3G

GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS

GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS

200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 200 KHz carrier 5 MHz carrier
8 full-rate time slots 115 Kbps peak data rates Data rates up to 384 Kbps 2 Mbps peak data rates
16 half-rate time slots 8-PSK modulation New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum
Higher symbol rate

HSCSD

HSCSD
Circuit-switched data
64 Kbps peak data rates
 GPRS Vs GSM
1. SUPPORTS BOTH CKT. Only circuit switched.
SWITCHED as well as
packet switched service.
2. MS Utilizes Automatic No re-transmission is
retransmission (ARQ) at provided.
data link layer to re-transmit
error frames.
3. Multiple time slots can be Single time slot per user.
allotted to a single user
4. One time slot can be allotted Single time slot per user.
to several users.
5. Charging/ billing more complex Simple time-based billing.
(Volume based, Q.O.S. based)
 CURRENT STATUS OF GPRS DEPLOYMENT

* 130 GPRS INFRASTRUCTURE CONTRACTS SIGNED

WORLDWIDE.

* 40 OPERATORS HAVE LAUNCHED COMMERCIAL/ QUASI

COMMERCIAL GPRS SERVICES.

* HANDSET VENDORS NEARLY APPROACHING POINT OF

VOLUME PRODUCTION.
 REASONS FOR LATE GPRS PICK UP

* DELAY IN HANDSET AVAILABILITY.

* FUNCTIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO TECHNOLOTGY

ITSELF.

* BILLING ISSUES.

* LACK OF MASS CONSUMER MARKET.

 REASONS FOR DELAY
1. HAND SET AVAILABILITY

* MOTOROLA TIMEPORT VIRTUALLY ONLY PHONE

AVAILABLE IN LARGE QUANTITIES.

* MITSUBISHI, PHILIPS, SAMSUNG, SAGEM, SIEMENS,

ALCATEL, ERICSSON HANDSETS EXPECTED ONLY
IN Q3 - Q4 of 2001.

2. TECHNOLOGY ISSUES

* AT CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT, EQPT

OFFERED IS ONLY ONE TIMESLOT upstream and
2 to 3 timeslots downstreams.
 REASONS FOR DELAY
* At 14.4 Kbps per time-slot, total data speeds achieved are only
28.8 Kbps or 43.2 Kbps downstream.
* WITH GPRS, what is needed is to grab a number of timeslots
and to use the higher coding schemes to achieve the higher bit
rates that GPRS CLAIMS to support.
3. APPLICATIONS
* GPRS IS ONLY A BEARER TECHNOLOGY.
* AVAILABILITY OF COMPELLING APPLICATIONS and
turning these applications from booth demonstration into real
services on live networks is necessary.
 REASONS FOR DELAY

4. MARKET ISSUES

* THERE IS A PARA DIGM SHIFT.

N/w operators have to tie up with more and more content and
application providers.

5. BILLING

Billing is complex (volume based; transaction based;

Q.O.S. based)
 EDGE
Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
Next step towards 3G for GSM/GPRS Networks
Increased data rated up to 384 Kbps by bundling up to
8 channels of 48 Kbps/channel
GPRS is based on modulation technique known as
GMSK
EDGE is based on a new modulation scheme that
allows a much higher bit rate across the air-interface
called 8PSK modulation.
Since 8PSK will be used for UMTS, network operators
will be required to introduce this at some stage before
migration to 3G.
 IMT-2000
CPABLE SYSTEMS

GSM GPRS EDGE

PDC

WCDMA
CdmaOne Cdma 2000

TDMA TDMA/ TDMA/

IS-136 GPRS EDGE

TODAY 2G 2000 EVOLVED 2G 3G

19.2 Kbps 64-115 Kbps 115-384 Kbps 0.384-2 Mbps
 GSM Network

BTS
BTS
Terminal

BSC

MSC

Modem
Pool

IP
PSTN Backbone

WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
ADDING GPRS DATA
New cell sites
(in some cases)
BTS
BTS
01010
New Software
New
Terminal New Software
BSC Upgrade 0101 New
0
SGSN Equipment
Software BSC
BSC
BSC Upgrade
01010
Upgrade
Software 01010
Upgrade
GPRS
Backbone

MSC New 0101 New

0
Software GGSN modified
router
Modem01010
Pool
Software
Upgrade
IP
PSTN Backbone

WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
 Adding W-CDMA
Adding GPRS Data
GSM Network New
Terminal
New cell sites
New cell sites New
BTS (in some (in some cases)W-CDMA
BTS BTS
BTS cases) Equipment
01010New Software BTS & Software
01010
New Software
New
New New Software
Terminal New Software
Terminal
BSC Upgrade 0101
01010
New New
SGSN SGSN
0
EquipmentEquipment
3G
BSC Upgrade SGSN
BSCBSC
Software 01010BSC
W-CDMA
Software 01010
Upgrade
Upgrade BSC
GPRS GPRS 3G Data
Backbone
Backbone Backbone

New
MSC New 0101 New
MSC Software New 01010modified
GGSN 0 Equipment
New 3G
& Software
01010 Software GGSNrouter modified GGSN
Modem
Software router
Pool Modem
Upgrade Pool
IP
PSTN BackboneIP
PSTN Backbone
WWW VPN
Enterprise
WWW Network VPN
Enterprise Network
 GSM to UMTS
Abis A
GSM GSM GSM PSTN,
BTS BSC MSC ISDN

Gb Service
Creation/
Gs Mgmt.

Iubis Iu-r
GPRS
Integrated
UMTS UMTS PDN,
Core
UMTS Core
BTS BSC (e.g. Internet)
Iu Other
UMTS Access Network
PLMN
GSM Elements
UMTS Elements
Cdma One Network

Terminal
BTS

BSC

IWF

MSC

IP
Backbone
PSTN

WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
Cdma2000 1x Evolution

01010 New Software

BTS Channel card
New
Terminal
upgrade

New packet data router

Software
Upgrade
01010 BSC PDSN
01010

New
IWF Software

Software MSC
Upgrade

IP
Backbone
PSTN
WWW VPN
Enterprise Network
CDMA One to 3G
CDMA One progression towards higher speed
data is in manageable steps. The present data rate
of 14.4 is upgradable to 64 Kbps (IS-95B).
Still higher data rates are supported through third
generation (3G) networks. CDMA One supports a
low risk and flexible phased evolution to 3G,
called CDMA 2000.
The first step in this transition to CDMA 2000,
also referred as 1xRTT (MC-CDMA) enables
delivering peak data rates of 144 Kbps for
stationary and mobile applications.
CDMA One to 3G
Future evolutionary step will produce a
harmonized 3xRTT (MC-CDMA) solution
expected to deliver peak data rates of up to 2
Mbps.
In addition, both 1xRTT and 3xRTT are backward
compatible to CDMA One. Therefore the
migration path can be represented as :
CDMA One CDMA2000 (MC-CDMA)
 MIGRATION PATH
cdma2000
IS-95-A 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
1X MC
Voice High Capacity Voice 2.4 Mbps Packet Higher Cap Voice/ Data
14.4 kbps IS-95-B 153 kbps Packet RF Backward Comp. RF Backward Comp.
RF Backward Comp.
Voice cdma2000
64 kbps Packet 3X MC
RF Backward Comp.
High Capacity Voice
384+ kbps Packet
Edge (Europe) RF Backward Comp.
IS-136
Edge (US)
Voice
9.6 kbps GSM GPRS 384 kbps Packet

GSM 30-40 kbps Packet

RF Backward Comp. W-CDMA
Voice
9.6 kbps
High Capacity Voice
384+ kbps Packet
W-CDMA New RF
PDC PDC
(Japan)
Voice Voice
9.6 kbps 28.8 kbps
RF Backward Comp.
1995 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Migration Summarized
In terms of migration of major 2G system to 3G
capabilities, there would finally be 3 modes of
CDMA-based radio interfaces (MC-CDMA, W-
CDMA and CDMA-TDD) and two `TDMA based
radio interfaces (UWC-136 and DECT).
Considerable work is being carried out in respect
of W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 worldwide. All
European countries are expected to deploy
W-CDMA as they have GSM based networks.
While other countries such as Japan, Korea, USA
etc. are likely to use CDMA-2000 or W-CDMA.
WIRELESS APPLICATION
PROTOCOL (WAP)
 WAP
Introduction
Why WAP ?
WAP Internet Model
WAP Protocol Stack
WAP Bearers
WAP Services
 WAP Introduction
It provides a standardized way of linking the Internet
to mobile phones , thereby linking two of the hottest
industries together

It enables easy, fast delivery of relevant information

and services to mobile users.
 What is WAP ALT
C T
ALT CENTRE

WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP)

WAP is an open, global set of communication
protocols to standardize the way that wireless devices
can be used for Internet Access(Cellular Phone)
Mobile Computing Architecture supporting virtually
all wireless network technologies.
Provides an inter-working function between a
wireless client and a fixed server to mitigate limited
bandwidth.
Uses Handheld Device Markup Language (HDML) &
Wireless Markup Language (WML)
 WAP BENEFITS to Operators
Why are network operators behind WAP?
With minimal risk and investment, WAP enables
operators to decrease churn, cut costs, and increase
revenues by improving existing, value-added services
and offering exciting new informational services.
 WAP BENEFITS

WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP)

Advantages of WAP
--- Significant value addition to the existing voice
usage of handheld (WAP enables Web in the
handheld)

WAP is expected to be a part of every future handheld

 Why WAP ?
Demand for Multi-media Services
Limitations of Mobile Network
Limitations of Handheld devices
Limitations of Internet Standards
Limitations of Security Standards
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION

NEED FOR WAP

Demand for multimedia : 70% are expected to use it.
LIMITATIONS OF HANDHELD DEVICES
--- Size of Device , Less Powerful CPU ,
limited battery power , Different user interface
LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING STANDARDS
--- Internet standards such as HTML are not
efficient over mobile networks as they require
large amount of text based DATA to be sent
 HOW WAP WORKS ?

Mobile N/W WAP INTERNET

GATEWAY
 WAP- How it works ?
1 The Mobile user enters the URL of the requested WAP site
2 The phone coverts this text URL to a binary WSP request
3 The phone sends this binary request to the WAP gateway
4 The gateway converts the WSP request to an HTTP request
5 The gateway sends the HTTP request to the Internet
6 The Internet server creates the WML page
7 The server sends the response back to the WAP gateway
8 The gateway converts the WML to binary format
9 The gateway sends the binary WML using WSP protocol
10 The phone converts the binary WML to text WML
11 The phones browser reads the WML and displays it.
 Bearers
A mobile client can communicate with the wireless
network over SMS, CSD or GPRS as bearer.
Since the bearer offers differing levels of quality of
service with respect to throughput, error rate and delays,
the WAP protocols are designed to compensate for or to
tolerate such environment.
WAP allows to operate over a variety of different bearers
and to introduce new bearers without major changes in
the other layers.
WAP is technology transparent.
GSM 900, 1,800, and 1,900 MHz; (IS)136; (DECT);
and code division multiple access (CDMA).
 WAP & 3 G
Will WAP comply with Third wireless standards Generation?
Yes, WAP has been designed to be as independent as possible from
the underlying network technology.
Is WAP necessary with higher bandwidth 3G networks?
The original constraints WAP was designed for -- intermittent
coverage, small screens, low power consumption, wide scalability
over bearers and devices, and one-handed operation -- are still
valid in 3G networks.
We can expect the bandwidth required by application users to
steadily increase. Therefore, there is still a need to optimize the
device and network resources for wireless environments. We can
expect WAP to optimize support for multimedia applications that
continue to be relevant.
If WAP is very successful in mass-markets on 2.5G networks, 3G
networks may be needed purely for capacity relief.