RAILWAY

SIGNALLING

BY
SHAHNAWAZ HAQUE
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
GURU NANAK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
 Principles of Signalling
• The Time Interval System
• Fixed Signalling
• Distant Signals
• Interlocking
• Blocks
• The Track Circuit
• Multi-Aspect Signals
• Four-Aspect Signalling
• A Safe Braking Distance
• The Overlap

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Track Unoccupied

Track Occupied 12/07/2021

Automatic Warning System(AWS)
• An alarm sounds in the driver's cab whenever a train approaches a caution or
stop signal.  If the driver fails to acknowledge the alarm, the train brakes are
applied. The system is called AWS.
• A form of a track mounted, non-contact inductor.
• The AWS "ramp" as the inductor is known, is placed about 185 m on the
approach side of the signal between the rails.
• AWS ramp contains a pair of magnets, the first permanent, the second an
electro-magnet linked to the signal to provide an indication of the aspect.
• Operation is based on energising and denergising of the electro-magnet.
• Enforcement-A very simple system called trainstop is used.

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 Train Protection and Warning System (TPWS)
• If a train approaches a stop signal showing a danger aspect at too high a
speed to enable it to stop at the signal, it will be forced to stop, regardless
of any action (or inaction) by the driver.
• Consists of two pairs of electronic loops are placed between the rails.
Each pair consists of, first an arming loop and secondly, a trigger loop.

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TPWS Unit

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 Automatic Train Protection(ATP)
• It can be either mechanical or electronic.
• Electronic ATP involves track to train transmission of signal
aspects and (sometimes) their associated speed limits.
• ATP Speed Codes-Gives two pieces of information about the
state of the line ahead - what speed can it do in this block and
what speed must it be doing by the time it enters the next block.
• ATP Speed Code includes an antennae on the train, electronic
track circuitry and generates codes
• The code data consists of two parts, the authorised speed code
for this block and the target speed code for the next block.

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 ATP Code Transmission

• ATP Signalling codes contained in the track circuits are transmitted to the train.
• Data is passed to an on-board decoding and safety processor.
• The permitted speed is checked against the actual speed.
• At the trackside, the signal aspects of the sections ahead are monitored and passed to the
code generator for each block.
• The code generator sends the appropriate codes to the track circuit.
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 Route Signalling
• Junctions-Signals are provided at junctions. The signal
has to perform two functions - to confirm to the driver that the
route is set and the points locked for the indicated route and
that the block ahead is clear.

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 Route Signalling
• Route Locking -The section of track between the signal and the points is "route
locked”. -Once this track circuit is occupied the
point control is locked and the points cannot be moved.
• Track locking-the track circuit at the points is also interlocked with the point
operation system to prevent any movement taking place while the train is passing
through

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 Automatic Train Operation(ATO)
• It is the non-safety part of train operation related to station stops and starts.
• The basic requirement of ATO is to tell the train approaching a station where to
stop so that the complete train is in the platform
• Use of beacon - originally a looped cable, now usually a fixed transponder

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• ANY QUESTIONS???

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THANK YOU

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