CELLS

Ms. Masters
 The Cell Theory
TheCell Theory arose after hundreds of
years of observation, and many scientists. A
few key scientists involved in the cell theory
are Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow.

Robert Hooke- The first scientist

to describe what he saw as cells
when viewing samples of cork
under the microscope in 1665.
 The Cell Theory
Nearly 200 years later, Matthias Schleiden
viewed living plant specimens under the
microscope and discovered they were made
up of cells.

Around the same time as Schleiden,

Theodor Schwann viewed nonliving animal
parts under a microscope and realized that
they, too were made up of cells.
 The Cell Theory
Finally, Rudolf Virchow witnessed cell
division under the microscope and
learned that all cells arise from
preexisting cells.

The findings of these scientists, among others, lead to

the cell theory, which states:
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of
life.
Cells come from preexisting cells.
 TYPES OF CELLS
1. Eukaryotic cells
Defined by having a
nucleus.
Defined by having
complex organelles.
Plant and animal cells.

2. Prokaryotic cells
Defined by NOT having
a nucleus
Bacteria cells.
 Common Cell Features
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain:
DNA
A cell membrane (protects cell and allows
things in and out of the cell).
Ribosomes (protein making factories).
Cytoplasm (water-based substance inside the
cell).

These are typically the only similarities between the

two different types of cells.
 Plant cell
Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles, a word that

literally means little organ.

Organelles have specific

functions that they employ
throughout the cell.
Animal Cell
There are approximately a dozen different
organelles!
 1. Nucleus
What is it?
a large, central membrane-bound organelle which
contains D.N.A.
Where is it found?
All eukaryotic cells!
(BOTH plant and
animal cells
have a nucleus).
What does it do?
Protects the DNA!
 2. Nuclear envelope
What is it?
A porous membrane that
encases the nucleus. These
nuclear pores allow
certain substances to pass
into and out of the nucleus.

Where is it found?
In all eukaryotic cells;
BOTH plant and animal.

What does it do?

The nuclear envelope protects the nucleus.
3. Nucleolus
What is it?
A structure contained
within the nucleus.

Where is it found?
Inside the nucleus
of eukaryotic cells.

What does it do?

It is responsible for making ribosomes.
 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

What is it?
A tunnel-like
network
of membranes.

Where is it found?
Connected to the nucleus and branching out into the
cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum cont
What does it do?
Transfers substances within the cell, as well as many
different chemical reactions including protein
modification and distribution. ER is like the highway
system of the cell!
T
W
O
Smooth E.R.
T (free of ribosomes)
Y
P Rough E.R.
E (contains ribosomes)
S
 5. Golgi body
(sometimes called the Golgi apparatus)

What is it?
A membrane-bound
organelle, which
processes and
packages proteins.

Where is it found?
The cytoplasm of
all eukaryotic cells.
 Golgi Body cont
What does it do?
Acts like a post office by packaging proteins in
vesicles and delivering them to other parts of
the cell.

Vesicles containing
proteins exit the
Golgi body and are
sent to parts of the
cell that need them.
What are they?
6. Lysosomes
Vesicles that
contain powerful
digestive enzymes.

Where are they found?

In all eukaryotic cells.

What do they do?

Break down old cell parts and fight off invading bacteria.

*Peroxisomes are identical to lysosomes, except they contain

hydrogen peroxide.
 7. Mitochondria
What is it?
A unique, double
membrane-bound
organelle, which
contains its
own DNA.

Where is it found? www.cellsalive.com

All eukaryotic cells.
 Mitochondria cont.
What does it do?
Generates A.T.P. (cellular energy)

Mitochondria have
two membranes; an
inner and an outer.
Unique because
these organelles
have their own DNA
(known as Eves
DNA).
 8. Vacuoles (vak-u-oles)
Vacuoles differ among plant and animal cells.
PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS
There is ONE, LARGE central There are multiple, small vacuoles.
vacuole.
The central vacuole of plants The vacuoles of animal cells do not store
stores water and nutrients, and water or nutrients, but rather waste as they
also aids in cellular digestion. aid in cellular digestion.

www.cellsalive.com
9. Vesicles
What are they?
Small membrane bound sacs.

Where are they found?

Eukaryotic Cells

What do they do?

Transport various items around the cell.
 10. The Cytoskeleton of Eukaryotic
Cells
Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers which
help the organelles and cell move, and assist in cell
division. The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, as
the name implies.
 Cytoskeleton continued
The main components of the cytoskeleton:

-microtubules

-actin filaments
(or microfilaments)

-intermediate fibers
 11. Microtubules
What are they?
Small tubular structures
made up of protein filaments;
part of the cytoskeleton.

Where are they found?

All eukaryotic cells.

What do they do?

www.cellsalive.com
Help move proteins and vesicles throughout
the cell.
 12. Centrioles
What are they?
Nine triplets of microtubules.

Where are they found?

IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY!

What do they do?

Assist during nuclear division.
 13. Chloroplasts
What are they?
Membrane-bound organelles that
contain light-absorbing
pigments.

Where are they found?

PLANT cells only!

What do they do?

Harvest energy from the
sun for photosynthesis.
 14. Cell Wall
What is it?
A structure consisting of cellulose that surrounds
the cell membrane.

Where is it found?
Within eukaryotes the cell
wall is ONLY found in plant
cells, however all prokary-
otes also have a cell wall.

What does it do?

Protects the cell and maintains homeostasis.
 Who can we thank for so much
cell research?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22lGbAV
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