INTRODUCTION TO

ERGONOMICS - 1
Dwi Cahyono, SKM, Msi, HIMA
 Sejarah Ergonomi
Selama Perang Dunia II
Human Capabilities and Limitation design
military equipment
 Introduction
What is Ergonomic?
The word Ergonomic is derived from the Greek
words,
Ergon
Nomos
Which together mean The law of work.
 Definition of Ergonomics
Scientific study of human work. Ergonomics
considers the physical and mental capabilities and
limits of the worker as he or she interacts with
tools, equipment, work methods, tasks, and the
working environment.

A goal of ergonomics is to reduce work-related

musculoskeletal disorders by adapting the work
to fit the person, instead of forcing the person to
adapt to the work.
 Definition of Ergonomics
The field that seeks to design tools, equipment, and
tasks to optimize human capabilities and
accommodate human limitation.

Synonym
Man-Machine Systems
Human-System Interface
US Human Factor
Germany arbeitsphysiologie or work
physiology
Europe Ergonomics
Ergonomic Issues
 Ergonomic as Science

Physiology Toxicology Anatomy

Management
Biomechanics
Engineering

Design

Ergonomics Environmental
sciences
Economy

Computer sciences
Occupational health & safety
Sociology Psychology
Why Ergonomics?
People Are Different
People Have Limitation
People Have Predictable Reaction
 Ergonomic Application
Sektor industri dan non-industri
Manufacture
Service Industry
Office Work
Home
Consumer Product
Ergonomic Application
 Clasiffication
of OSH
Hazard

Chemical Physical Biological Ergonomic Psychological

 Ergonomic Hazard
Sumber:
Design tempat kerja yang tidak memadai
Peralatan kerja yang tidak ergonomic friendly
Layout lingkungan kerja yang tidak aman dan
nyaman
Beban kerja yang berlebihan
Prosedur kerja yang tidak standar
Cara kerja yang tidak aman
Anatomi tubuh yang tidak sesuai dengan job
design
 Risiko dan Konsekuensi
Stress Fisik
Accident yang mengakibatkan cidera
Exposure yang mengakibatkan gangguan (MSDs,
dll).
Stress Psikis
Headaches
Fatigue
 Most Frequently in Jobs
Manual handling
Heavy lifting
Twisting movements
Long hours of working in awkward position
Repetitive movements
Pressure in achieving production target
 The Technology of Ergonomics
Micro ergonomics
1.Human-Machine: Hardware ergonomics
2.Human-Environment: Environmental ergonomics
3.Human-Software: Cognitive ergonomics
4.Human-Job: Work Design ergonomics

Macro ergonomics (Hendrick & Kleiner 2002):

1.Human-Work-System
The Approach of Ergonomics
 The Objectives of Ergonomics
To enhance the effectiveness with which work
and other human activities are carried out
To maintain or enhance certain desirable
human values in the process, health, safety,
satisfaction, etc.
The Twin Aims of Ergonomics
 History of Ergonomics
Military Ergonomics 1950s
Industrial Ergonomics 1960s
Consumer Ergonomics 1970s
Computer Ergonomics 1980s
Information Ergonomics 1990s
Leisure Ergonomics 2000s
Space Ergonomics 2010s
 Human-Machine-Environment
Interaction
Manusia Alat Kerja (H~M)
Manusia Lingkungan Kerja (H~E)
Alat Kerja Manusia (M~H)
Alat Kerja Lingkungan Kerja (M~E)
Lingkungan Kerja Manusia (E~H)
Lingkungan Kerja Alat Kerja (E~M)
Human-Machine-Environment
Systems
 Human Factors
How to fit tasks to people
People are different
People have limitation
People have predictable

Optimizing human capabilities

More productive work
Less effort
Greater well being
 Anthropometrics
What is Anthropometry?
The word anthropometry is derived from the
Greek words:
Anthropos (man)
Metron (measure)
Anthropometry means measurement of the
human body.
Anthropometric measurements are a critical
element in equipment and workplace/workspace
design.
 Anthropometrics
There are 2 types of dimensions that determine
what the design dimensions should be:
1. Clearance
Dimensions determine the minimum space
required to a human being to perform the task in
the workplace.
Clearance are established by the larger people
from the expected user population.
Ex. the size of door is determined by the size of
the largest expected user.
 Anthropometrics
2. Reach
Dimensions determine the maximum space
allowable for the human being who operates
equipment and are established by the smaller
people in the expected user population.
Ex. control height is determined by
accommodating shorter user.
Anthropometrics
 Basic Ergonomic Design Philosophies
1. Design for the average
2. Design for extremes
3. Design for a range
Body Measurements
Body Measurements
 Body Measurements
Standing measurements
A1 Stature (standing height)
A2 Eye height, standing
A3 Elbow height, standing
A4 Crotch height
A5 Ankle height

Seated measurement
B1 Sitting height, erect
B2 Eye height, sitting
B3 Elbow rest height , sitting (from seat)
B4 Thigh depth (maximum) sitting
B5 Shoulder to elbow length
B6 Knee height, sitting
B7 Popliteal height, sitting
B8 Buttock to knee length, sitting
B9 Buttock to Popliteal length, sitting
B10 Forearm hand length
 Body Measurements
Breadth measurements
C1 Hip breadth, sitting
C2 Elbow to elbow breadth
C3 Shoulder (biacromial) breadth
C4 Shoulder (bideltoid) breadth
C5 Knee to knee breadth

Hand measurements
D1 Hand breadth
D2 Hand breadth across thumb
D3 Hand length
D4 Hand thickness

Foot measurement
E1 Foot breadth
E2 Foot length
 Body Measurements
Other measurements

F1 Arm reach , from wall

F2 Thumb tip reach, from wall

F3 Thumb tip reach, extended

F4 Vertical reach, sitting

F5 Vertical grip reach, standing

 Design to Fit for A Range
The basic application of anthropometry in
design is to get appropriate measurement of
users body that are relevance for the design
of the interested product.
For example, a sitting workstation:
 Biomekanik & Postur Kerja
Biomekanik: ilmu yang mempelajari
pergerakan bagian tubuh (jari, tangan, lengan,
tulang punggung) dan gaya yang terlibat saat
melakukan aktivitas.
Melibatkan sistem muskuloskeletal
Biomekanik & Postur Kerja
Biomekanik & Postur Kerja
 Work Posture
Postur tubuh adalah posisi relatif bagian tubuh
tertentu.
Postur dan pergerakan memegang peranan
penting dalam ergonomik.
Salah satu penyebab utama gangguan otot rangka
adalah postur janggal (awkward posture).
Postur dan pergerakan dipengaruhi oleh
pekerjaan, lingkungan kerja, dan individu (gambar
segitiga postur).
 Gambar Segitiga Postur

Task Requirements

Working Posture

Workspace Design Personal Factors

 Working Posture
Berdiri
Duduk
Jongkok
Bertumpu pada satu kaki
Lengan membentuk sudut >45o thd tubuh
Menunduk
Dll
 Awkward Posture
Awkward postures typically include repeated
or prolonged reaching, twisting, bending,
working overhead, kneeling, squatting, and
holding fixed positions or pinch grips.
They may affect various areas of the body
such as the hands, wrists, arms, shoulders,
neck, back, and knees.
 Working Posture
Bervariasi > monoton
Statis dan santai > statis dan tegang
Efek sistemik dari sitting dan standing
Alternate Sitting-standing Posture
 Common Postural Problems
The posture of the head and neck visual
demands.
Stooped working postures.
Working with the arms in a raised position.
Twisted postures and asymmetric postures.
Common Postural Problems
Awkward Posture
Awkward Posture
Awkward Posture
Awkward Posture
Select a basic posture that fits the job
Postural Deformities
Postural Deformities
 Work Station Design
General Principles for Workplace Design:
1. The worker should be able to maintain an
upright and forward-facing posture.
2. Avoid unbalanced posture and the need for
muscle activity to support legs and upper arms.
Small and/or precise movements require support
of the limb involved.
3. Where vision is a requirement of the task, the
necessary work points must be adequately
visible with the head and trunk upright or with
the head inclined slightly forward.
 Work Station Design
4. All work activities should permit the worker to
adopt several different, but equally healthy and
safe postures without reducing capability to do
the work.
5. Work should be arranged so that it may be done,
at the workers choice, in either a seated or a
standing position.
6. The weight of the body when standing should be
carried equally on both feet, and foot pedals
should be design accordingly.
 Work Station Design
7. Work should not be performed consistently at
or above the level of the heart, even the
occasional performance where force is
exerted above the heart level should be
avoided. Where light hand work must be
performed above heart level, rests for the
upper limbs are requirement.
Work Design
Recommendations for Sitting Positions
Recommendations
Recommendations for Standing Positions
Recommendations for Standing Positions
 Perspectives
It doesnt have to be hard
Sophisticated science
Common sense
 Perspectives
It doesnt have to be expensive
Expensive long term investment
Low cost
 Perspectives
Its not necessarily new
 Ergonomic Problems
Contributing Factors
Aspects of work tasks which can lead to fatigue,
musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) symptoms and
injuries, or other types of problems.
Awkward postures
Repetitive motions
Forceful exertions
Pressure points
Vibration
Ergonomic Problems
Ergonomic Problems
Ergonomic Problems
Ergonomic Problems
Putting on Your Ergonomics
Glasses
The Twelve Principles of Ergonomics

1. Work in neutral postures

2. Reduce excessive forces
3. Keep everything in easy
reach
4. Work at proper heights
5. Reduce excessive motions
6. Minimize fatigue and
static load
The Twelve Principles of Ergonomics

7. Minimize pressure points

8. Provide clearance
9. Move, exercise, and
stretch
10.Maintain a comfortable
environment
11.Make display and controls
understandable
12.Improve work
organization