Chapter #4

Learning

Dr. M. Ataur Rahman

Continuing

Definition of Learning
1. Kerrisha Gayle- Learning is a process
of mental, physical and spiritual
development.

2. Jenile Blackstock- Learning is a

parmanent change in ones behavior.

3. Michael L. Ray defines learning as the

more or less permanent acquisition of
tendencies to behave in particulars ways
in response to particulars situations or
stimuli.
Objectives of Learning

The objectives of learning are given below:

1. To gain knowledge
2. To learn how to behave
3. To improve knowledge level continuously
4. To acquire specialization
5. To increase the skills and efficiency
6. To maintain the human relation
7. To reinforce the employees
8. To teach how to response
9. To encourage how to adjust with the environment
10. To know about the latest development of anything
 Importance of learning

1. Operating new technology

2. Understanding the contribution of their
role to the company and
3. Taking decisions appropriate to their jobs
4. ability to manage the interface with
customers and between departments,
requiring a good level of interpersonal skills
5. The ability for problem solving, creative
thinking about future possibilities, and
contributing their own unique ideas.
Continuing

2. The ability to learn new skills and

adapt to changing circumstances- by
taking responsibility for their own
learning, keeping their skills up to date,
learning new processes.

3. The ability to work in organizations

with flatter structures and fewer layers
of management- to work without
supervision, set own objectives, monitor
own performance, correct failures.
 Principles of Learning
The principal of learning are discussed
below:
Repetition
Motivation
Readiness
Exercise
Effect
Intensity
Primacy
Recency
Continuing

There are more principles of learning:

a. Relevance
b. Repetition
c. Participation
d. Transference
e. Schedules of learning
f. Feed back
g. Whole Vs. part learning
 Guidelines of Learning
Some important guidelines for learning
program are given below:

1. Selection of institute
2. Methods of training
3. Accommodation facilities
4. Communication
5. Quality of training
6. Discipline of the training institute
7. Quality of training material
8. Library facility
 Process of Learning
Learning takes time and patience. It is a
process- a journey. Basically learning is
a process of interactions between four
factors: Derives, Ever, Responses and
Reinforcements. Graphically shown the
process of learning in next slide.
Continuing
Learning process
Needs or Drive Leads

Leads to

Wants Combined with Stimulus and ever

To produce

Response (action or
decision)

Which receives

Reinforcement (positive or
negative)
Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction

Which produces

Learning

Figure: Learning Process

Continuing

The basic elements of this process can

be discussed below:
Drives
Ever
Response
Reinforcement
 Theories of Learning:
These are many additional different learning
theories related to use which include:

Anchored instruction, Jhon Bransford

Cognitive flexibility theory, R. Spiro, P.
Feltovitch & R. Coulson
Continuing

Experiential learning, Carl Rogers

Multiple intelligences, Howard Gardner
http://www.funderstanding.com/about_le
arning.cfm contain short discussion of 12
learning theories:
1. Constructivism
2. Behaviourism
3. Piagets Developmental theory
4. Neuroscience
5. Brain-Based learning
6. Learning style
7. Multiple intelligences
8. Right brain/left brain
9. Thinking
Continuing

10. Communities of practice

11. Control theory
12. Observational learning
13. Vygotsky and social cognition.

No universally workable and acceptable learning

theory has yet emerged. There are many different
theories and approaches to the study of learning.
But here in this text we shall be interest in two
most common approaches:

Behavioral approach
Cognitive approach and
Combined approach
 Transfer of learning
It is a process of patting the learning into
practice for performing the assigned duties and
discharging responsibilities. Without transfer
can not prove how much he has learnt. Transfer
of learning is a phenomenon of learning more
quickly and developing. There are to main
principles that works with transfer of learning:

1. The variation should not be too easy,

2. The shift or transfer should be progressive
but rapid.
Continuing

Some other principle of training of learning are

Nomination / Selection of right person:
More exercises:
Involvement of personal factors:
Proper Supervision method:
Management policy:
Appointment in right jobs:

Importance of Transfer of Learning

Discuss factors that affect transfer and learner
performance,
Describe key strategies that can be used before,
during and after training,
Discuss issues related to monitoring and evaluating
learning transfer.
Difference between Learning & Training:
There are points of difference between learning and training.
Sl/No
Learning Training
.
1. Change of behavior process Process of increasing skills and
knowledge.
2. Broad Limited
3. Formal and informal Formal
4. No measure Methods are there
5. On any subject Job oriented
6. Permanent change Temporary Change
7. More focused on the learner More focused on the event
8. Specific skills Critical skills and process
9. Discussions, simulations, role play, Classrooms, labs, demonstrations,
interactivity etc. lectures, seminars, job aids, etc.
 Difference between Learning & Development

Sl
Learning Development
No.

1. Change of performance process Change of behavior process

2. Broad Limited

3. Formal and informal Formal

4. Lower level program Higher level program

5. Permanent change Efficiency and behavior

6. On any subject Temporary Change

Thank you

Hasan