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v BE
iE I ES exp 1
VT
iE iC iB
Equations of Operation
Define as the ratio of collector current to emitter
current:
iC
iE
Values for range from 0.9 to 0.999 with 0.99 being
typical. Since:
iE iC iB 0.99iE iB iB 0.01iE
Most of the emitter current comes from the collector
and very little (1%) from the base.
Equations of Operation
v BE
iE I ES exp 1
VT
iC
iE
vBE
iC I ES exp 1
VT
Equations of Operation
iE iC iB
iC
iB iE iC iE 1 iE (1 )
iE
vBE
iB (1 ) I ES exp 1
VT
Equations of Operation
Define as the ratio of collector current to base
current:
iC
iB 1
iC iB
The collector current is an amplified version of the
base current.
Equations of Operation
v BE
iE I ES exp 1
VT
vBE iC
iC I ES exp 1 0.99
VT iE
vBE
iB (1 ) I ES exp 1
VT
iC
iC iB 100
iB 1
The base region is very thin
Only a small fraction of the emitter current flows into the base
provided that the collector-base junction is reverse biased and the
base-emitter junction is forward biased.
Exercise 13.1
A certain transistor has = 50, IES = 10-14A, vCE = 5 V, and iE = 10
mA. Assume VT = 0.026 V. Find vBE, vBC, iB, iC and .
v BE v
i E I ES exp 1 For operation with iE I ES i E I ES exp BE
VT VT
iE 10 2
v BE VT ln 26 mV ln 718 .4 mV
10
14
I ES
v BC v BE vCE 0.718V 5V 4.282V
50
0.980
1 51
iC i E 9.80 mA
iC 9.80 mA
iB 196 A
50
Exercise 13.2
Compute the corresponding values of if = 0.9, 0.99 and 0.999
1
0.9
9
1 0.9 0.9
0.99
99
1 0.99 0.99
0.999
999
1 0.999 0.999
Exercise 13.3
A certain transistor operated with forward bias of the base-emitter
junction and reverse bias of the base-collector junction has iC = 9.5
mA and iE = 10 mA. Find the value of iB, and .
iB iE iC 0.5 mA
iC 9.5mA
0.95
iE 10 mA
iC
19
iB
Common-Emitter Characteristics
vBC
vCE
v BC v BE vCE
if v CE v BE v BC 0 reverse bias
Common-Emitter Input
Characteristics
vBE
iB (1 ) I ES exp 1
VT
Common-Emitter Output
Characteristics
iC iB for 100
Amplification by the BJT
VCC RC iC vCE
Inverting Amplifier
As vin(t) goes positive, the load line moves upward and to the
right, and the value of iB increases. This causes the operating
point on the output to move upwards, decreasing vCE An
increase in vin(t) results in a much larger decrease in vCE so that
the common emitter amplifier is an inverting amplifier
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
Assume VCC = 10V iBQ = 25 A
VBB = 1.6V
RB = 40 k
RC = 2 k
Vin = 0.4sin(t)
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0 v BE 1.6
1.6V
v BE 0 and vin 0 i B 40 A
40 k
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
Assume VCC = 10V iBmax= 35 A
VBB = 1.6V
RB = 40 k
RC = 2 k
Vin = 0.4sin(t)
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.4 v BE 2
2V
v BE 0 and vin 0.4 i B 50 A
40 k
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
Assume VCC = 10V iBmin= 15 A
VBB = 1.6V
RB = 40 k
RC = 2 k
Vin = 0.4sin(t)
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.4 v BE 1.2
1.2V
v BE 0 and vin 0.4 i B 30 A
40 k
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
iBQ = 25 A
iBmin= 15 A
iBmax= 35 A
VCEQ = 5V VCEQ = 5V
iCEQ = 2.5 mA VCEmin = 3V
VCEmax = 7V
10 2k iC vCE
Load-Line Analysis of BJT
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0 v BE 1.6
1.6V
v BE 0 and vin 0 i B 40 A
40 k
Exercise 13.5
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 2.4
2.4V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 i B 60 A
40 k
Exercise 13.5
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t )
Find VCE max , VCEQ iBmin 5A
and VCE min
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.6 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 0.8
0.8V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 i B 20 A
40 k
Exercise 13.5
iBQ 25 A VCEQ 5V iCQ 2.5mA
iBmin 5A VCE max 9V iCmin 0.5mA
iBmax 45 A VCE min 1V iCmax 4.5mA
Exercise 13.6
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t ) iBQ 15 A
VBB 1.2V
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.2 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0 v BE 1.2
1.2V
v BE 0 and vin 0 i B 30 A
40 k
Exercise 13.6
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t ) iBmax 35A
VBB 1.2V
VBB vin t RB i B t v BE t
1.2 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 2
2V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 i B 50 A
40 k
Exercise 13.6
vin (t ) 0.8 sin(t ) iBmin 1A
VBB 1.2V
VBB vin t RB iB t v BE t
1.2 vin 40 ki B v BE
i B 0 and vin 0.8 v BE 0.4
0.4V
v BE 0 and vin 0.8 iB 10 A
40 k
Exercise 13.6
v BE
iE I ES exp 1
T V
v BE
iB (1 ) I ES exp 1
VT
Exercise 13.7
Find :
For VCE 6V, i C 2.5mA i B 50 A
iC 2.5mA
50
iB 50 A
Exercise 13.8
vin 0 iB 0 v BE 0.8
0.8
vin 0 v BE 0 i B 100 A
8000
vin 0.2 i B 0 v BE 0.6
0.6
vin 0.2 v BE 0 i B 75 A
8000
vin 0.2 i B 0 v BE 1
1
vin 0.2 v BE 0 iB 125 A
8000
Exercise 13.8
i BQ 24 A
i Bmax 48 A
i Bmin 5A
Exercise 13.8
vCE 9 3000 iC
iC 0 vCE 9
9
vCE 0 iC 3mA
3000
Exercise 13.8