Exam 1 Review

Chapters 1 to 4
Marta Korytkowska M.S. CCC-SLP
Define communication:
What is communication?
What are modes of communication?
Which mode of communication requires the use of sound waves?

In speech you need three things for communication they are?

What does speech consist of?
Speech consists of three things what are they?
Define them:
Articulation
Voice
Fluency
Define speech science
Study of the _____________ and __________________ of speech
production.
The ___________________ __________________ of speech and the
process by which listeners ____________________ speech
What are the acoustical components of
speech? Define each
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the acoustical components of
speech? Define each
1. Frequency
2. Period
3. Amplitude or intensity
4. Phase
Period (T)
What is it?
How is it measured?
What is the formula?
What is the period (T) of this waveform?

1 cycle

Period
Frequency (Hz)
What is frequency?
It is measured in?
It is the number of times a wave repeats itself per ________
Simple periodic waves: Frequency

Period

What is the period (T) of this waveform?

0.01 sec (= 10ms)

What is the frequency (f) of this waveform? (How

many cycles occur per second?)
Amplitude
What is amplitude?
How to we perceive Amplitude?
Amplitude of a wave is measure in?
Wavelength
What is wavelength?
How do you measure it?
What is it measured in?
How does this correlate with physiological
components?
What parts of the body are responsible for speech?
1.
2.
3.
Lets translate
Sender Vocal tract movements
Message- Wave/acoustics
Receiver - Auditory Perception
Acoustics
What is sound?
What two things does sound need?
What is a source? Example
What is a medium? Example
What are the steps of sound production?
_________ sets the ________ into motion
Vibrating ________ creates a distrubance in a
____________ for example air and water which
Transmits the disturbance
If the disturbance is audible, there is ___________
Define Sound-
A fluctuation in ______________
Waves of ___________ and ____________ pressure move through
space.
Pressure fluctuations
Air molecules _________ while waves _____________
This causes two things
1. is Compression this is an area of ______________ pressure
A second one is Rarefactions is an area of _________ dressure
Label compression and rarefaction on this
visual representation.
Name some ways that air molecules behave
1) Air molecules set into vibration by a vibrating source
2) Displaced molecules collide with next row of molecules, pushing them forward
3) Because of elasticity (tendency to return to original state), the first group of
molecules reverse direction and head back to original position
4) Because of a force called inertia a body in motion tends to remain in motion
molecules overshoot their original position on their way back
5) The process repeats itself would remain vibrating indefinitely unless the
molecules encounter resistance dissipation of energy, oftentimes in the form
of heat (resistance to vibrating energy is known as damping)
6) The collective back and forth movement of air molecules forms areas of
increased air pressure (compression) and decreased air pressure (rarefaction),
compared to the atmospheric pressure.
7) These patterns of compression and rarefaction form waves that cause the
tympanic membrane to vibrate, ultimately leading to the sensation of sound.
Name the three types of waves
Longitudinal
Transverse
Water
What are the differences between them
Longitudinal- Particles move parallel
Transverse- Particles move perpendicular
Water waves are a combination
Waves can be simple or complex
Name an example of something that can make a simple wave?
Speech is a _____________wave
One characteristic of a simple wave is that it has ____________
frequency (ies) while complex waves have ____________
frequencies.
Simple waves are ____________ while complex waves can be
_____________ or ____________
Give an example of a complex wave
Phase
The phase of a waveform is the point in a cycle.

Can you hear phase?

Why is phase important?

Are these waves in or out of phase?

[A] [B]
Phase
What happens when a wave is in phase?
What happens to a wave out of phase?
What happens to a wave 180 degrees out of phase?
What is constructive interference?
What is destructive interference?
Does the human ear notice small variations in phase?
Mediums
Two types of mediums
The medium the returns to original shape is
While the medium that remains the same when moved is
How are standing waves formed?
Waves on a string
What is a node
What is an antinode
Identify where the
nodes and
antinodes are
In this example is
this a string tied at
both ends, tied at
one end? Or loose
at both ends?
How do you know?
How could this
model be different?

Draw a wave on a
string open on one
end

Draw a wave on a
string open on both
ends
Wavelengths
Tied on both ends

Do the math:

3 feet
Frequency
Tied on both ends

Use the wavelength

from the previous slide

Period .5

Find Velocity
Find Frequency for
each
Wavelength
String tied at one end

4.5
Frequency
String tied at at one end

Use the previous

wavelength
T- .6 seconds
Find velocity
Find the allowable
frequencies
Resonators
What parts of the vocal tract are resonators
1.
2.
3.

What is the source in speech?

What is the resonator/filter in speech?
Is the resonator the source of vibration?
What is the natural resonant frequency, what does it mean?
In a vocal tract the natural resonating frequencies are called?
Frequency/Harmonics vs. Formants
Frequencies PRODUCED by vibration are called _________
You hear the above as ________________

Frequencies within the vocal tract are called _______________

You hear the above as _______________