GRAPHEN

ARPIT
CHOUDHARY
Contents

Introduction
Structure
History
Graphene Synthesis
Properties
Applications
Advantages & Disadvantages
Conclusion
References
Introduction

Graphene is a single layer of Graphite

It is the basic structural element of
graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes.
Graphene is the strongest, thinnest,
transparent material known to exist.
Graphite itself consists of many graphene
sheets stacked together.
Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb lattice
made of carbon atoms.
Graphene is a 2D crystal of carbon
atoms, arranged in a honeycomb
lattice

Each carbon atom is bound to its

three neighbours.
Structure

Graphene is a 2-dimensional network of carbon atoms.

These carbon atoms are bound within the plane by strong bonds into a honeycomb
array comprised of six-membered rings.
By stacking of these layers on top of each other, the well known 3-dimensional
graphite crystal is formed.
It is a basic building block for graphitic materials of all other dimensionalities.
Thus, Graphene is nothing else than a single graphite layer.
History

One of the very first patents pertaining to the production of graphene

was filed in October, 2002 entitled, "Nano-scaled Graphene Plates.

Two years later, in 2004 Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov at

University of Manchester extracted single-atom-thick crystallites from Andre Geim
bulk graphite

Geim and Novoselov received several awards for their pioneering

research on graphene, notably the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Kostya Novoselov
How do we create such tiny element
Graphene Synthesis

Two basic techniques are used :-

MECHANICAL EXFOLIATION (ME)

CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITON(CVD)

MECHANICAL EXFOLIATION (ME)

Mechanical exfoliation separates

different layers of graphene from a
graphite. Adhesive tape is pressed onto
the graphite and peeled away when
some layers stick to the surface. This
tape is pressed onto the surface of the
target substrate. The tape is peeled off
when the layer stick to the target
surface.
 CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION

Chemical vapour deposition

is a well known process in
which a substrate is exposed
to gaseous compounds.
These compounds
decompose on the surface in
order to grow a thinlm .
Graphene can be grown by
exposing the copper foil to a
gas i.e.CH4 at about
1000C.The methane
decomposes on the surface,
so that the hydrogen
evaporates.
Chemical Properties

Graphene is chemically the most reactive form of carbon.

Graphene one atom thick are a hundred times more
chemically reactive than thicker sheets.
Graphene burns at very low temperature (e.g., 350 C).
Electronic Properties

Electrons are able to flow through graphene more easily than through even
copper.
The electrons travel through the graphene sheet as if they carry no mass, as fast
as just one hundredth that of the speed of light.
 Mechanical Properties

To calculate the strength of graphene, scientists

used a technique called Atomic Force Microscopy.

It was found that graphene is harder than

diamond and about 200 times harder than steel.

It is stretchable up to 20% of its initial length.

This schematic shows a three-
dimensional stacked chip with
layers of graphene acting as
heat spreaders.
Applications
Biomedical

Graphene could soon be used to

analyze DNA at a record-breaking
pace.
Thats the claim of a physicist in
the US who has proposed a new
way of reading the sequence of
chemical bases in a DNA strand
by sending the molecule through
a tiny slit in a graphene sheet.
Solar energy

o Chinese researchers have now introduced a

new approach for making an all-weather
solar cell that is triggered by both sunlight
and raindrops.
o In order to allow rain to produce electricity
as well, the research team coated a solar cell
with a whisper-thin film of graphene.
Energy Storage
Devices
o Due to the extremely high
surface area to mass ratio of
graphene, one potential
application is in the conductive
plates of Super capacitors.

o It is believed that graphene could

be used to produce Super
capacitors with a greater energy
storage density than is currently
available.
 Optical
Electronics
o Completely transparent material.
o Optically transmit more than 90% of
light so it use in touchscreens, liquid
crystal displays, and organic
photovoltaic cells.
o Due to its unique electronic properties, it
absorbs a high 2.3% of light that passes
through it.
 Anti-
Bacterial
o In 2010, the Chinese Academy of
Sciences has found that sheets
of graphene oxide are highly
effective at killing bacteria.
o This means graphene could be
useful in applications such as
hygiene products or packaging
that will help keep food fresh for
longer periods of time.
Other Applications

IR detectors Integrated Circuits

Water filtration Super Capacitor
Energy Harvesting Unbreakable touchscreens
Solar panels Electric vehicles
Rust proofing Speakers
Advantages

High heat conductivity, greater than copper and silver.

No heat loss or it gives 100% output.

It is transparent and lighter material.

Stronger than diamond & steel.

Can make very light weight parts for auto bodies.

Used to make batteries that recharge faster as

compare to lithium-ion battery.
Disadvantages

Single sheet of graphene is hard to

produce.
Research has proven that graphene
exhibits some toxic.
Conclusion

The quality and availability of Graphene will continue to improve.

Science must have ample access to improve graphene material & integrate
it to the present day gadgets.
In next 10-15 years graphene will applied in many different fields.
Its a Wonder material that could revolutionize the world.
References

[http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v6/n3/full/nmat1849] Geim, A. K. and

Novoselov, K. S. (2007). "The rise of graphene".
[http://gizmodo.com/5988977/9-incredible-uses-for-graphene] Uses of Graphene
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene] Wikipedia.
[http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/nms/people/acf26.html/ ] Andrea C. Ferrari
Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
THANK YOU