Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
OTHER CONCEPTS
1. The concepts must be clear enough so that one can specify in words
exactly what the question is.
2. The concepts must be such that they can be represented by some sort of
evidence which is obtainable through direct observation or other less
direct activities.
3. It must be feasible to carry out such operations or activities.
Personal Experience
Common Sense
Theories
Past Researches
Journals, books, theses, and dissertation, and the mass media
Technological changes
Friends, colleagues, professors, consultants
Conferences, symposia, dialogues, or even ordinary meetings.
Good Research Problem
To come up with persuasive arguments on the value of studying the problem the following guide
questions will be helpful.
1. Is the problem a current and timely one?
2. Is it pervasive or widespread?
3. Does it affect a special group of people such as mothers, children,
farmers, fishers, drivers, domestic helpers, construction workers, etc.?
4. Does it relate to ongoing programs such as land reform, family planning,
tuberculosis control program, child immunization, skill training, etc.?
5. Does it relate to broad social, economic, and health issues, such as
unemployment, malnutrition, immigration, graft and corruption,
aggression, etc?
6. Who else is concerned about the problems top government officials, medical doctors,
school administrators, or other professionals?
7. What are its direct and indirect, short-and-long-range impact on the welfare of a group of
people or the society as a while?
Research Objectives
Meaning
Defined as an effect that is desired or expected to be achieved by an activity,
project or program (Blumenfeld, 1985)
Research objectives then refers to the statements of purpose for which the
investigation is to be conducted.
They describe the aims or goals which are expected to be attained at the end
of the research process.
They are stated right after the discussion of the research problem on which
they are based and from which they logically follow.
This relationship between the research problem and objectives should be
borne in mind because, as was mentioned earlier, the research problem is the
initiating reason for the study, therefore, the research objectives should be
anchored or based on it.
Major Classifications
Characteristics:
1. they should be stated in simple language;
2. they are measurable concepts;
3. they are attaineable;
4. they are result-oriented; and
5. they are time-bound.
How are Research Objectives Stated
Theoretical paradigm
Conceptual paradigm
Operational paradigm
Theoretical Paradigm
The level where the concepts used are not only defined as they used in
the study but are measurable as well.
It is the measurability of concepts that distinguishes the operational
paradigm from the theoretical and conceptual paradigms
The meaning of concepts in the operational paradigm are similar to the
operational definitions of terms.
Three levels of the Research Paradigm (Mercados book, 1977) p. 28
Hypothesis
* The scope of the study defines the coverage or boundary of the study in
terms of the
(1) area or locality,
(2) subjects or population,
(3) duration or period, and
(4) Issues which are explicitly stated in specific objectives of the study
* Limitations are statements which alert the reader of the research report to
certain conditions which are beyond the control of the researcher. Such
limiting conditions or constraints have direct bearing on the result of the
study because they may place restrictions on the conclusions of the study
and their application to other situations
Definition of Terms
The usual practice when using both types of definition is to state first the
conceptual followed by the operational. The researcher may however opt to
use only the latter type the operational
The Variables
To say that variables X and Y are related implies that they vary together.
This means that a change in X is accompanied by a change in Y and vice
versa. This variation is known as concomittant variation or correlation.
For intance, if one finds that as education increases income also
increases, then the variables education and income are related or
correlated. However, if education increases but there is no recognizable
pattern of change in income level, then one can conclude that education
and income are not related.
Operational Definitions and Indicators
It is in this section where the researcher discusses the value of his study in as
persuasive as possible in order to get the approval of the screening and approving
committee and the support of the prospective funding institution.
It is to the advantage of the researcher to state all the possible significant
contributions of his study. The following is a list of areas to where the contributions
may be made:
1. Contribution to accumulation of knowledge, or to filling up a knowledge gap;
contribution to building, validating or refining prevailing theories;
2. Contribution to meeting a pressing need of a specific group like solving a problem or
improving certain conditions;
3. Contribution to refining concepts, improving research instrumentation and
methodologies; and
4. Contribution to meeting the concerns or priorities of funding institution like
improved income, inter-relations, and the like.
Thank you very much!!!