Education and Development

16 October 2017
 1.1. Concept of Development
Everyone wants development. But what does it mean ?

Development is a process of improving from a lesser

level to higher level. Such improvement could be

concrete and abstract. It should lead to a growth plus

positive change. In the other word development is

progress, in both quantitative and qualitative form.

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 Cont..

Former American president Harry Truman had used the

word of development formally for the first time in January

1949 A.D. since then different scholars and development

experts have described, defined and analyzed

development in their own way.

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 Cont..
The term development is a very vague and complex one. Because the
concept of development is differs from one discipline to other. There is
no precise definition of it. Thus it is defined, interpreted and accepted in
different way by authorities. For Example the sociologist and political
scientist tend to take it as the process of modernization in terms of
primarily the transformation of social and political institution. Similarly
economists argue that development is a economic growth and changes,
especially with matters such as increasing savings, investment,
consumption, per capita income, gross national production, gross
domestic production and elimination of poverty, inequality and
unemployment within context of a growing economy.
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 Cont..
According Todaro Development as a multidimensional process
involving major changes in social structures, popular attitudes, and
national institutions, as well as the acceleration of economic growth,
the reduction of inequality, and the eradication of poverty.

In this way, from the above words we know that development mean
forwarded movement seen in every field. Process of improving the
quality of all human lives. It is a multi-dimensional process involving
reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social system. It
refers to progressive change in physical infrastructure, social norm,
value, institutions and social sector development such as health, safety,
literacy, and others initiatives.
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 Core Value of Development

Life sustenance: The ability to provide basic needs

The basic goods and services, such as food, clothing, and
shelter, that are necessary to sustain an average human
being at the bare minimum level of living.

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Self-Esteem: To Be a Person

The feeling of worthiness that a society enjoys

when it's social, political, and economic systems
and institutions promote human values such as
respect, dignity, integrity, and self determination.
All peoples and societies seek some basic form of
self-esteem.

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 Cont..

Freedom from servitude: To be able to choose

Freedom from servitude mean an expanded range

of choices for society and their all members. For
example political participation, consumption of
goods and services, expression of idea and
spiritual contemplation etc.

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 Objectives of Development
1. To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic
life-sustaining goods such as food, shelter, health, and protection.
2. To raise levels of living of all people, including, in addition to
higher incomes, the provision of more jobs, better education, and
greater attention to cultural and human values, all of which will
serve not only to enhance material wellbeing but also to generate
greater individual and national self-esteem.
3. To expand the range of economic and social choices for all
human.
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 Indicator of Development

An indicator is meaningful unit of information. It represent

the aggregate status or change in status of any group of
persons, objects, and institutions. It helps to compare its
value to reference value, to norm and standard or itself, as
computed for different time periods. We discussion about
the following indicators of development here.

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 Cont..

I. Gross National Production

II. Per Capita Income

III.Basic Needs Approach

IV.Physical Quality of Life Index [PQLI]

V. Human Development Index [HDI]

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Cont..
I. Gross National Production (GNP)

GNP is the total monetary value of all the final goods and
services produced by the own factor of production with in
specific period of time generally a year. GNP include GDP
and NFIA [net factor income from abroad].

GNP = GDP + NFIA

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Cont..
GDP is the aggregate monetary value of all the final goods
and services produced within the geographical boundary of
a country in the specific period of time generally a year.
GDP include total private consumption expenditure [C],
total private investment expenditure [I], and total
government expenditure [G].

GDP=C+I+G

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 Cont..

II. Per Capita Income

It means simply an average income. Dividing

GNP by the total population provides a measure
per capita income.

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 Cont..
III. Basic needs approach

Basic needs include meeting the minimum requirements

for personal consumption of foods, shelter, clothing, health,
education, security, entertainment, and information.

The first and second indicators of development focusing

on only economic growth and totally neglect human well-
being therefore became common slogan redistribution with
growth is called basic need approach.

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 Cont..
IV. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
The Physical Quality of Life Index is an attempt to
measure the quality of life or well-being of a country.
Physical quality life index was developed by Morris
David Morris in the mid 1970s dissatisfaction with the use
of GNP as a indicators of development.
It is a non monetary index of development. Morris
suggested physical quality of life index as an alternative
indicators for measuring the level of development.

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 Cont..

PQLI is composite form of three indicators. Morris

mentioned three major components are: Basic literacy,
Infant mortality, and Life expectancy.
For each indicator, the performance of individual
countries is rated on the scale of 1 to 100, were 1 represent
the worst performance and 100 best performance.

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 V. Human Development Index
Human Development Index is a latest and most ambitious
effort to analyze the comparative situation of socio-economic
development in both developed and developing countries, like
different social classes, region, ethnic groups and men and
women.

Human development index was developed by United Nations

Development Program [UNDP] in 1990s, which is partly based
on the work of Indian economist Amartya Sen.

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 Cont.
The HDI calculated on the base of the following three
important dimensions given an equal weight.

a. Long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy,

b. Knowledge, measured by a weighted average of adult

literacy [two-thirds] and gross enrollment indexes of from
primary to higher secondary level [one-thirds]

c. Decent standard of living, measured by GDP or per capita

income

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 Cont..

The human development ranks all countries into three

groups: Low human development (0.0 to 0.50), medium
human development (0.51 to 0.79) and high human
development (0.80 to 1).

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