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PANGEA SUPERCONTINENT
Early paleozoic evolution of
100 MY
marine invertebrates
Greehouse World
Late Paleozoic evolution of land
Volcanism & Permian Mass Extinction
plants and amphibians
Arid climate
Evaporites
Palaeogeography
Palaeoclimate
Evolution of REPTILES
Marine Diversification
TRIASSIC PERIOD
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY: BREAK UP OF PANGEA IN THE LATE TRIASSIC ~ 220 MYA
Both curves show an increase through the Jurassic and Cretaceous, a dip at the
end of the Jurassic and a peak in the Late Cretaceous.
MARINE DIIVERSIFICATION
2. IRRGULAR
Rudist Bivalves
important reef formers
became extinct at or near the end of the Cretaceous
WHY?
CEPHALOPODS
widely distributed,
Chondrichthyes and
the Osteichthyes
Decline during the
Permian extinction, and
both groups rediversified
during the Mesozoic
FISHES
The fishes that existed
during the Triassic had the
following primitive
characteristics:
Diamond-shaped scales
Scales with little or no
overlap
Skeletons partly
cartilaginous
Simple primitive jaws
Asymmetrical tails
LAND DIVERSIFICATION
PERMIAN TRIASSIC
Permian tetrapods were
replaced by therapsids Labyrinthodonts Dinosaurs
Thecanodonts Crocodiles
Occupying vacant niches Procolophonoids Pterosaurs
Prolacertiforms Turtles
Co-evolution of predator- Rhyncosaurs Lizards
prey systems Mammal-like Frogs
Eg. Dinosaurs out- reptiles Salamanders
competing thecanodonts &
rhyncosaurs
Break up of Pangea
Increased dispersal &
endemism
PLANT DIVERSIFICATION
Seed-bearing plants
Conifers and
Ginkgos Replace
Ferns and Lycopods
FIRST MAMMAL EMERGED FROM CYNODONTS
(lower hole
(upper
only) -
hole only) -
Types of reptiles based on pelycosaurs,
extinct
the number of openings therapsids,
marine
behind the eye and mammals
reptiles
JURASSIC
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
Early Jurassic
Pangea was breaking up
between modern North
America, Africa, and South
America.
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
Middle Jurassic
these rifts were opening
up the Central Atlantic
Ocean and the Gulf of
Mexico formed.
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY
CRETACEOUS
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY: 3RD STAGE OF PANGEA BREAKUP
South America
began to split from
Africa by the Late
Jurassic, and
completely
separated by the
Late Cretaceous.
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY: 3RD STAGE OF PANGEA BREAKUP
Australia
remained
connected with
Antarctica.
India was moving
northward toward
Asia.
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY: 3RD STAGE OF PANGEA BREAKUP
FLOODING!!
MARINE DIVERSIFICATION
Several groups of
unicellular
organisms adopted
a planktonic mode
of life
(foraminifera,
diatoms, and
coccolithophorids)
major change in
ocean chemistry or
food chains in the
Cretaceous which
led to this
development.
CRETA (IN CRETACEOUS) MEANS CHALK
VOLCANISMS Anoxia
Ontong-Java plateau, The Enhanced productivity in
Caribbean/Columboan surface waters due to
plateau, Madagascar greenhouse warming
Rise and Broken Ridge = Volcanic ash can change
1,000,000 km3
the alkalinity of the
Emmission of CO2
oceans
greenhouse warming
sulfuric acid in the
Volcanic ash can be a
atmosphere and acid rain
source of iridium
BOLIDE IMPACT
Shocked quartz
Shock lamellae produced when high pressure shock
waves travel though quartz bearing rocks
BOLIDE IMPACT
Tektites
Tiny glass spherules
Droplets of molten rock thrown into the atmosphere during
the impact event
BOLIDE IMPACT
dust blocked out the
sunlight for
months/years
impact winter
Prevention of
photosynthesis and
collapse of primary
producers on land &
sea
The Strangelove Ocean
A reduction in ocean productivity
following the Permian extinction caused
the negative excursion of 13C.
STRANGELOVE OCEAN
Decrease of plankton
productivity
CO2 not utilized during
photosynthesis
Atmospheric CO2
increases
Resulting in major
climatic changes