SOLUTION AND COLLOID

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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

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SOLUTION

No. 1 INTRODUCTION

MATTER

Definition Classification

State of matter Mixture

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Pure substance
 THE STATE OF MATTER

Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Matter

Mixture Pure substance

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
mixture mixture Element Compound

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 HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

Homogenous mixtures called solutions

And

Their distant relatives, colloidal suspensions

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 Solutions

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of

two or more substances in which the
components are present as atoms,
molecules, or ions
These uniformly distributed particles are
too small to reflect light, and as a result
solutions are transparent (clear) light
passes through them

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 SUBSTANCES OF SOLUTIONS

Solutions

Solute Solvent

The substance The most

abundant
is dissolved in a substance in a
solvent is called solution is called
solute solvent
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 SOLUTE

Solute

Electrolyte Nonelectrolyte
A solute that when A solute that when
dissolved in water dissolved in water
forms a solution forms a solution
that conducts that does not
electricity. conduct electricity.
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 HEATS OF SOLUTION

Heat is usually absorbed or released when a

solute dissolves in a solvent.
1. The process is endothermic, if heat is
absorbed, and solution becomes cooler.
2. The process is exothermic, if heat is
released, and solution temperature increases.

Endothermic : Solute + Solvent + Heat

Solution (NH4NO3 in water)
Exothermic : Solute + Solvent
Solution + Heat (NaOH in water)
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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

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SOLUTION

No. 2 Types of solution

Chemical term Medical term

Saturated Hypotonic
Isotonic
Super saturated Hypertonic

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 Hypotonic, Isotonic and
Hypertonic solutions
Hypotonic solutions : the solution with the
lower concentration of solute
If the concentration of water in the medium
surrounding a cell is greater than that of the
cytosol. Water enters the cell by osmosis
Isotonic solutions : the solution being
compared have equal concentration of solutes.
When red blood cells are placed in a 0.9% salt
solution, they neither gain nor lose water by
osmosis
Hypertonic solutions : The solution with the
higher concentration of solutes.
If red cells are placed in sea water (about 3%
salt), they lose water by osmosis and the cells
shrivel up.
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 Red blood cells in the Hypotonic,
Isotonic and Hypertonic solutions

Red blood cells Red blood cells Red blood cells

with hypotonic with isotonic with hypertonic
solution solution solution
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 SATURATED AND
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS

SOLUBILITY

Soluble substances dissolve completely in

the solvent and form solution
Insoluble substances do not dissolve in the
solvent
The term immiscible is used to describe a
liquid solute that does not dissolve in a
liquid solvent
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 SATURATED AND SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS
A saturated solution is a solution in which the
maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in a
quantity of solvent.
A supersaturated solution is a solution in which the
amount of solute dissolved is greater than the solute
solubility.
Supersaturated solutions are usually prepared by
forming a nearly saturated solution at a high
temperature and then slowly cooling the solution to a
lower temperature at which the solubility is lower.
Such solutions are not stable. The addition of small
amount of solid solute (or even a dust particle) will
usually cause the excess solute to crystallize out of
solution until the solution
solution becomes
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CRYSTALLIZATION CONVERTS A SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION TO A SATURATED SOLUTION

A supersaturated Seed crystal is added After excess solute is

solution and induces rapid crystallized, the
crystallization remaining solution is
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Question :
The solutions of A, B, and C have
equal concentration of Solute. What
solutions are those called if they are
compared?
Answer :
A. hypertonic solution
B. hypotonic solution
C. isotonic solution
D. saturated solution
E. super saturated solution
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Question :
Which of these following techniques
that is used to separate protein?

Answer :
A. osmosis C. destruction
B. dialysis D. purification
E. isolation

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Question :
What is the requirement of the infuse
(the solution that is administered intra
vein to human body)?
Answer :
A. hypertonic solution
B. hypotonic solution
C. isotonic solution
D. saturated solution
E. super saturated solution
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Question :
A solution contain the solute in the
required capacity to form the balance
between solute and precipitate. What
solution is that?
Answer :
A. hypertonic solution
B. hypotonic solution
C. isotonic solution
D. saturatedsolution
E. super saturatedsolution
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 Question :
What do you do to make a super
saturated solution?
Answer :
A. to increase the temperature of the
solution
B. to increase the pH of the solution
C. to add the solute of the solution
D. to add the solvent of the solution
E. to add the solute and the solvent
of the solution
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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

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SOLUTION

No. 3 Concentration

Molar (M) Percent (%)

Molarity (M) : Percent : a solution
a solution concentration that
concentration that is expresses the amount
expressed in term of of solute in 100 parts
the number of moles of of solution.
solute contained in a
liter of solution.
continued to next slide
solution & colloid 24
Continuation :

Weight/weight percent : a concentration

that expresses the mass of solute
contained in 100 mass units of solution.
Weight/volume percent : a
concentration that expresses the grams
of solute contained in 100 ml of
solution.
Volume/volume percent : a
concentration that expresses the
volume of liquid solute contained in 100
volume of solution.
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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

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SOLUTION

No. 4 SOLUTION PROPERTIES

Electrical conductivity and

colligative properties

Colligative properties
(continued to next slide)
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 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

The properties that depend only

on the concentration of solute
particles present and not on the
actual identity of the solute.
Three closely related colligative
properties are
1. Vapor pressure (Raoult law)
2. Boiling point
3. Freezing point
4. Osmotic pressure
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 (Raoult law) :
PA = PoA.XA

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 Question :
The freezing point is included in
the properties of ?

Answer : b
A. ice C. solid E. gas
B. colligative D. mixture

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The equation for calculated the boiling point or
freezing point difference between pure solvent
and solution

tb = nKbM
tf = nKfM
t is the boiling point or freezing point
difference between pure solvent and
solution.
Kb and Kf are constants characteristic
of the solvent used in the solution.
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 for example :
Calculate the boiling and freezing
points of the following solutions
171.0 g of sugar (C12H22O11) is dissolved in enough
water to give 1.00 L of solution
Answer :
a. To fine the boiling point, calculate solution
molarity :
171.0 g (C12H22O11) 1 mol C12H22O11 =
342.0 g C12H22O11
= 0.50 mol C12H22O11
M = moles of solute/liters of solution = 0.50 mol/1.0 L
= 0.50 mol/L continued to next slide
solution & colloid 32
Continuation:

b. Determine n : because sugar does not

dissociate upon dissolving, n = 1.

c. tb = nKbM = (1)(0.52 0C/M)(0.50M)

= 0,26 0C

d. tf = nKfM = (1)(1.86 0C/M)(0.50M)

= 0,93 0C

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 Question :
What is the increase of boiling point of
the following solution 85.50g of
C12H22O11 is dissolved in the water to
give 1.00 L of solution (the water boiling
point = 100 0C, kb of water = 0,52 0C

Answer :
A. 100.00 0C C. 100.26 0C E. 100.13 0C
B. 102.06 0C D. 99.87 0C

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 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

Is the hydrostatic pressure required

to prevent the net flow of solvent
through a semipermeable membrane
into a solution.
Osmotic pressure ()
= nMRT (vant Hoff equation)
T = temperature in Kelvins
R = the ideal gas constant
M = the solution
solutionmolarity
& colloid 35
Question :
The osmotic pressure: = n x C x RT
is the equation of ?

Answer :
A. Arrhenius
B. Coulomb
C. vant Hoff
D. Hess
E. Henry
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 Question :
What the main function of albumin in
the human body?

Answer :
A. to regulated the osmotic pressure
B. as a protein
C. to influence the filtration in the
kidney
D. to influence the blood pressure
E. as an enzyme
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 Question :
Calculate the concentration of X (in
molar), if one liter of solution gives the
osmotic pressure 84.73 atmosphere R
(the ideal gas constant = 0.82 L-
atmosphere/degree.mole) n = 1

Answer :
A. 0.25 M C. 0.75 M E. 1.00 M
B. 0.50 M D. 0.90 M

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Question :
How much osmotic pressure of one liter
solution , if is added 171.00 g of sugar?
Molecule structure of sugar : C12H22O11,
atomic weight of C = 12;
H = 1; and O = 16, initial osmotic
pressure of solution = 100 atmosphere,
the room temperature= 250C, n = 1, and
R (the ideal gas constant = 0.82
L-atmosphere/degree-mole)
Answer :
A. = 100.62 atmosphere
B. = 110.73 atmosphere
C. = 112.22 atmosphere
D. = 123.86 atmosphere
E. = 132.33 atmosphere
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 OSMOSIS

The process in which solvent flows

through a semipermeable membrane
into a solution.

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 No.1 INTRODUCTION

No.2 Types of solution

No.3 Concentration
SOLUTION
No.4 Solution properties

No.5 Dialysis

solution & colloid 41

SOLUTION

No. 5 Dialysis

Earlier we discussed semipermeable

membranes that selectively allow
solvent to pass but retain dissolved
solutes during osmosis.
Dialysis, another membrane process,
is also important in living organisms.
solution & colloid 42
Continuation

Dialyzing membranes :
A semipermeable membranes with
pores large enough to allow
solvent molecules, other small
molecules, and hydrat ions to pass
through (are semipermeable
membranes with larger pores than
osmotic membranes).
solution & colloid 43
Continuation

Dialysis : A process in which

solvent molecules, other small
molecules, and hydrat ions pass
from a solution through a
membrane (is the passage of ions
and small molecules through such
membranes).

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 DIALYSIS.
This is one method of dialysis used to purify proteins
solution & colloid 45
solution & colloid 46
Question :
Which of these following methods
that can be used to purify the colloid
solution?

Option :
A. crystallization C. dialysis
B. distillation D. vaporization
E. isolation

solution & colloid 47

 A similar technique is used to clean
the blood of people suffering kidney
mal function

The blood is pumped through tubing

made of a dialyzing membrane.
The tubing passes through a bath in
which impurities collect after
passing out of the blood.
Blood proteins and other important
large molecules remain in the blood.
solution & colloid 48
Continuation

Dialysis is most commonly used to

remove salts and other small
molecules from solutions of
macromolecules. During the
separation and purification of
biomolecules, small molecules are
added to selectively precipitate or
dissolve the desire molecule.

solution & colloid 49

Continuation

Dialysis is also useful for removing

small ions and molecules that are
weakly bound to biomolecules.
Protein cofactors such as NAD,
FAD, and metal ions can be
dissociated by dialysis. The
removal of metal ions is facilitated
by the addition of a chelating agent
(EDTA) to the dialysate.
Minerals are bound by EDTA, these
are: Ca, Fe, etc.
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 No.1 INTRODUCTION
No.2 Types of colloid

COLLOID
No.3 Colloid properties

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COLLOID

No. 1

INTRODUCTION :
Definition
Diameter of
colloid particle

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Definition

colloids (or colloidal suspensions)

are homogeneous mixture of two or
more components in which there is
more of one component than of the
others.
In solutions the terms solvent and
solute are used for the
components, but in colloids the
terms dispersing medium (for
solvent) and dispersed phase (for
solute) are used.
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DIAMETERS OF THE DISPERSED PHASE

The dispersed phase of colloids is

made up of much larger particles
(very large molecules or small
pieces of matter) with diameters:

107 to 10 5 cm (10 1000 A)

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 Apa perbedaan antara larutan
suspensi dan koloid?

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 No.1 INTRODUCTION
No.2 Types of colloid

COLLOID
No.3 Colloid properties

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COLLOID

No.2

Types of colloid

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 TYPES OF COLLOID

Type
Dispersing Dispersed Name Examples
medium phase

Gas Liquid Aerosol Fog, aerosol sprays, some air

pollutants
Gas Solid Smoke, some air pollutants
Liquid Gas Foam Whipped cream, shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, mayonnaise
Liquid Solid Sol Paint, ink, gelatin dessert
Solid Gas Solid foam Marshmallow, pumice stone,
foam rubber
Butter, cheese
Solid Liquid
Pearls, opals, colored glass,
Solid Solid
some metal alloys
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LYOPHOBIC AND LYOPHILIC SYSTEM

Colloidal solutions with a liquid as

Dispersion medium can be divided
roughly into two Categories :
1. Lyophilic Sols (Emulsoid/hidrofilik)
2. Lyophobic Sols (Suspensoid/)

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
THE TWO TYPES
1. SURFACE TENSION
SIMILAR TO THAT OF
DISPERSION MEDIUM.
2. VISCOSITY SIMILAR TO
THAT OF MEDIUM.
3. SMALL QUANTITIES OF
ELECTROLYTES CAUSE
PRECIPITATION.
4. THE PARTICLES ARE
EASILY DETECTED IN THE
ULTRAMICROSCOPE.
5. THE PARTICLES MIGRATE
IN ONE DIRECTION IN AN
ELECTRIC FIELD.
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1. SURFACE TENSION OFTEN
LOWER THAN THAT OF
DISPERSION MEDIUM.
2. VISCOSITY MUCH HIGHER
THAN THAT OF MEDIUM.
3. SMALL QUANTITIES OF
ELECTROLYTES HAVE
LITTLE EFFECT, BUT
LARGE AMOUNTS MAY
CAUSE SALTING OUT.
4. THE PARTICLES CANNOT
BE READILY DETECTED IN
THE ULTRAMICROSCOPE.
5. THE PARTICLES MAY
MIGRATE IN EITHER
DIRECTION OR NOT AT
ALL IN ELECTRICAL FIELD.
60
Question :
What is the cheese colloid system?
Answer :
A. emulsion
B. solid emulsion
C. foam
D. liquid aerosol
E. solid foam

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Question :
What is the milk colloid system?

Answer :
A. emulsion
B. solid emulsion
C. foam aerosol
D. liquid
E. solid foam

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 No.1 INTRODUCTION
No.2 Types of colloid

COLLOID
No.3 Colloid properties

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COLLOID

No.3 Colloid properties

BROWNIAN
TYNDALL EFFECT
MOVEMENT

COLLOID COLLOID
FORMATION DESTRUCTION

EMULSIFYING AGENTS OR
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STABILIZING AGENTS
 TYNDALL EFFECT

When a beam of light passes

through them, they will be
scattered the light, and the path of
the light becomes visible.
And hence it is generally called
the Tyndall effect.

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 source

colloid CuSO4 Fe(OH)3

The light beam passes from left to right through a

purple gold sol (a colloid), a blue copper sulfate
solution, and colloidal iron (III) hydroxide. The light
path can be seen in both colloids, but not in the copper
solution & colloid 66
sulfate solution.
 BROWNIAN MOVEMENT

As is to be expected, because of
their small size, colloidal particles
are seen in the ultramicroscope to
display vigorous Brownian
movement.

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 COLLOID FORMATION AND
DESTRUCTION

Much of the interest in colloids is related to

their formation or destruction.
Colloid particles tend to attract and absorb
ions that are present in the dispersing
medium.
The charge (+ or -) of the adsorbed ions
depends on the nature of the colloid, but all
colloid particles within a particular system will
attract only one charge or the other.
This repulsion help prevent the particles from
coalescing into aggregates large enough to
settle out.
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 EMULSIFYING AGENTS OR
STABILIZING AGENTS

Emulsifying agents is substances that

stabilize the colloids (prevented from
coalescing)

For examples :
1. Egg : the compound in the egg
yolk acting as the emulsifying
agents
2. Soaps and detergents
3. Etc (CMC = carboxyl methyl cellulose )
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